Low temperature,low pressure deformation and metamorphism of the Vangorda massive sulphide orebody,Yukon, Canada

The Vangorda orebody is a small stratiform massive sulphide orebody located in Anvil District, Yukon, Canada. The orebody consists of fineto medium-grained semi-massive and massive sulphides with a common sulphide mineralogy of pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, and minor chalcopyrite. The host rocks and the sulphide lithofacies have been complexly deformed during two phases of deformation (D₁ and D₂) and associated metamorphism (M₁ and M₂). The effects of d₁ and M₁ are penetratively overprinted by D₂ and M₂. D₂ and M₂ resulted in tight to isoclinal F₂ folding of the orebody, remobilisation of the sulphides, recrystallisation and development of shear zones along the limbs of the F₂ folds. Chlorite thermometry and sulphide thermobarometry have been carried out on the host phyllites and on the sulphides. Chlorite was analysed from the S₁ and S₂ foliations in the phyllites to determine M₁ and M₂ temperatures, respectively. However, no difference was found between chlorite compositions in these foliations and a mean temperature of 363 °C was calculated from the tetrahedral A1_IV occupancy. Arsenopyrite thermometry yielded a comparable mean temperature of 336 °C. Sphalerite inclusions in M₂ pyrite porphyroblasts from D₂ shear zones were analysed for pressure using the sphalerite + hexagonal pyrrhotite + pyrite barometer. Inclusions were analysed in an attempt to determine if relic m₁ sphalerite, and hence pressure signature, was preserved. Inclusion compositions appear to reflect only M₂ conditions and yielded a mean pressure of 4.0 kb. Sphalerite + hexagonal pyrrhotite assemblages were analysed from D₂ shear zones to determine the M₂ pressure using the sphalerite + hexagonal pyrrhotite barometer. These calculations yielded a mean pressure of 6.1 kb. The M₂ temperatures and pressures calculated using these calibrations are in good agreement with those estimated from petrogenetic relationships.     

Magnetic disturbance effects in the E region of the ionosphere

Detailed studies of the daytime E-region critical frequency at Aberystwyth (geomagnetic latitude +56°) show clear evidence for changes associated with both the axially-symmetric (Dst) and asymmetric (DS) components of the disturbance magnetic field. Comparison of the sensitivity of the E-region peak density to these two influences shows that the changes cannot entirely (if at all) be ascribed to the influence of electric currents in the region. It is suggested that a major role is played by dynamical influences associated with the neutral air “storm circulation” which distributes the energy fed into the auroral region to lower latitudes.     

Responses of resident marsh fishes to stages ofPhragmites australis invasion in three mid Atlantic estuaries

Modification of brackish marshes by nonindigenousPhragmites australis has occurred across a broad geographical area in eastern North America. Among its effects on marsh processes,Phragmites may be increasingly unfavorable to marsh surface fishes as its invasion progresses within an estuary. We assessed the effect of thePhragmites invasion on resident marsh surface fishes by examining the population response ofFundulus heteroclitus (mummichog, 5–48 mm TL) andF. luciae (spotfin killifish, 5–41 mm TL) to four distinct invasion stages in three estuaries of the U.S. mid Atlantic region (New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland). We documented precipitous declines in mean catch per unit effort ofF. heteroclitus in pit traps from natural marsh (51.6), through initial (33.8), early (12.3), and late invasion stages (2.4) across all sites. A similar pattern was documented forF. luciae, with mean catch per unit effort in pit traps declining from natural marsh (48.9), through initial (39.1), early (9.3), and late invasion stages (2.7). Population structure of both species also changed somewhat across invasion stages such that we collected a narrower size range of individuals of both species from late invasion stages. Patterns suggest that as thePhragmites invasion progresses, there is a decline in habitat function for larval and juvenileF. heteroclitus and an increased risk of extirpation ofF. luciae from brackish marshes along the east coast of the U.S.     

'Trees, forests and communities': some historiographical approaches to environmental history on Africa

Focusing on the contested issue of trees and forests, this paper looks at various ways in which historians have explored environmental change and human agency in Africa. It looks in particular at the colonial period and positions the case of the Cape Colony (South Africa) in a broader historiographical context. Colonial silviculture involved both the appropriation of the natural forests and the creation of exotic plantations. These policies generated a mixture of reactions from African communities and had varying effects on the environment. Colonial science and the projects it gave rise to have since been critiqued, contributing to the promotion of community-based forestry schemes that try to incorporate indigenous knowledge and ideas about land use.     

Anthropogenic Impacts on Summer Precipitation in Central Arizona,U.S.A.

This article explores the possibility of urbanization‐ and irrigation‐induced increases in summer precipitation totals in central Arizona. Maximum precipitation impacts are hypothesized to occur downwind of the Phoenix area in the Lower Verde basin. Results from statistical tests indicate that summer precipitation totals in the Lower Verde basin are greater than totals in nearby basins. Precipitation totals in the basin also appear to be equivalent to totals at more monsoon‐impacted stations in eastern Arizona. While this research is preliminary, the results do provide encouraging evidence of the existence of anthropogenically enhanced summer precipitation in central Arizona.