黄河口及邻近海域浮游植物群落分布特征及与水环境的关系

根据2011—2014年5和8月黄河口及邻近海域浮游植物及水环境数据,探讨了研究海域浮游植物群落的空间分布特征及与水环境的关系。结果表明:调查期间共发现浮游植物108种,隶属于3门46属,其中硅藻门85种,占物种总数的78.7%,甲藻门22种,占20.4%,金藻门1种,占0.9%。5月的浮游植物细胞丰度(2.29×107个/m3)远小于8月(6.83×108个/m3),5和8月浮游植物Shannon-Winner多样性指数(H’)平均值分别为1.79和2.39。通过聚类分析将浮游植物群落和水环境划分为特征差异显著的两个区域(p0.01):黄河口北部及东部离岸海域(Ⅰ组)和黄河口南部沿岸海域(Ⅱ组)。5月Ⅰ组温度(T)、pH、氮磷比(N:P)和化学耗氧量(COD)显著小于Ⅱ组(p0.05),而水深(Depth)和溶解氧(DO)显著大于Ⅱ组(p0.05),Ⅰ组优势种有斯氏根管藻、圆筛藻、具槽帕拉藻和印度翼根管藻,Ⅱ组优势种有斯氏根管藻和圆筛藻;8月Ⅰ组的水深、盐度(S)和透明度(SD)显著大于Ⅱ组(p0.05),而无机氮(DIN)、COD和石油烃(TPH)显著小于Ⅱ组(p0.05),Ⅰ组的优势种包括拟扭链角毛藻、佛氏海线藻、角毛藻和旋链角毛藻,Ⅱ组优势种包括柔弱角毛藻、中肋骨条藻、垂缘角毛藻、角毛藻、佛氏海线藻、拟扭链角毛藻和圆筛藻。调查海域水环境因子与优势种丰度的RDA结果表明,影响5月黄河口北部及东部离岸海域和南部沿岸海域浮游植物优势种空间分布差异的主要水环境因子为T、pH和COD,影响8月浮游植物优势种在2个区域分布差异的主要水环境因子有S和COD。     

海洋生态系统健康评价的底栖生物指数法研究进展

海洋大型底栖无脊椎动物能对自然和人为活动导致的水和沉积物质量变化做出可预测的响应,因此利用底栖生物作为海洋生态环境监测的生物指标和进行系统健康度量的生物指数已经得到了广泛的认可.本文比较分析了几种常用的和正在发展的海洋生态系统健康和生态环境质量状况评估的底栖生物指数,包括指示生物法、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、BI指数、AMBI指数和Bentix指数,总结了这几种生物指数的应用和特性,探讨了底栖生物指数在实际应用中可能存在的问题和解决的办法,以期为我国海洋生态系统健康评估工作提供参考.     

基于ART理论的自组织神经网络模型在水资源分类中的应用

BP和RBF神经网络技术以其强大的学习功能应用于水资源分类 ,取得了很好的效果。但当不具备已知样本时 ,以上技术很难应用。提出了可塑性较强、无监督的A -K网络模型 ,阐述了其基本原理和算法 ,并将其用于水文水资源研究领域中。实例表明 ,该方法能较理想地解决已知样本的分类问题 ,具有良好的应用前景     

小清河口水质污染现状及富营养化评价

根据2009年8月、2010年5月和9月3个航次的监测数据,探讨了小清河口水质污染程度及富营养化状况。结果表明:小清河口水体污染严重,DO%平均值小于80%,其中盐度小于10的区域仅为40%;DIN平均值7.00mg/L,超过二类海水标准的23倍,CODMn平均值为7.98mg/L,是二类海水标准的2.6倍。亚硝酸盐浓度偏高,平均值大于0.1mg/L,最高值达0.55mg/L。易降解有机物占总有机物的比例为30%左右。综合营养状态指数法(TLI)评价显示,小清河口盐度小于15的水体TLI值大于70,处于重度富营养级,盐度15～25之间仍为中度至轻度富营养水平。因此小清河口污染治理十分迫切,应从源头加强对小清河口污染物排放的控制。     

基于多种生物指数的中国渤海莱州湾海域底栖生境健康评价

As an important part of the Bohai economic rim, the Laizhou Bay has been stressed by serious eco-environmental problems in recent years. In this study, the Shannon-Wiener index(H′), AZTI's marine biotic index(AMBI) and the multivariate AMBI(M-AMBI) were used to assess the ecological quality status(EQS) of the Laizhou Bay according to macrobenthos data collected annually in August 2011–2014. The results showed that the overall benthic habitat quality in the Laizhou Bay was assessed as "Good". However, 25% of the samples were classified as"Moderate", "Bad" or "Poor" status under degraded conditions. Ecological group Ⅲ(EGⅢ) species which had a certain tolerance to environmental disturbances had a higher proportion in each station, and most of them had appeared the pollution indicator species Capitella capitata. This indicated that the benthic habitat in the Laizhou Bay had been disturbed and polluted to some extent. The comparison of the three indices evaluation result and the RDA analysis showed that the H′ and M-AMBI were more suitable when the relative abundance of the single species was high and the macrobenthic community was significantly imbalanced; when the relative abundance of opportunistic species(EGIV and EGV) was high, the AMBI and M-AMBI could reflected the EQS objectively; in an undisturbed and polluted environment, all the three indices could indicate the benthic habitats quality. In summary, the better correlation between the three indices and environmental factors showed that they were well responsive to the tendency of the benthic habitats quality in the Laizhou Bay.     

三江平原沼泽性河流径流演变的驱动力分析

在分析三江平原典型沼泽性河流挠力河径流演变特征及趋势的基础上，应用灰色关联分析和径向基函数网络等方法，探讨了引起径流量减少和发生突变的原因，分析结果表明：当地河川径流演化与沼泽化流的地理特征以及近50年来沼泽及沼泽化土地的大规模开垦和水资源的开发利用有密切的关系，人类活动是本区河川径流演变的主要驱动力，气候变化在径流演变中所起的作用相应减少，沼泽湿地对区域水系统的水量平衡产生着重要的影响，在流域下垫面已明显变化，水文循环出现变异的情况下，必须加强沼泽湿地保护的水的调控和管理。     

海洋健康指数法对青岛胶州湾健康状况评价的研究

Halpern等人构建了全新的评价海洋生态系统健康的指标体系——海洋健康指数(OHI)法,把人类与海洋看成一个相互耦合的整体,将可持续性思想融入到生态系统健康评价中。应用OHI法,对胶州湾健康状况的评价结果表明,胶州湾海洋健康评价指标得分变化范围为36.1~98.3,平均值为67.8。其中,生态相关的碳储备、区域意识指标,特别是沿岸保护和清洁水域指标严重拉低了胶州湾整体健康水平。而旅游与娱乐、食物供给、生物多样性指标显示正面影响,特别是反映经济发展水平的手工捕鱼机会、沿岸生计指标对胶州湾健康的贡献很大。说明胶州湾地区经济发展较快,但对环境保护的重视和投入不足。今后应在保持经济平稳发展的基础上,加强对胶州湾生态环境的管理和保护。     

流域水资源丰富度评价的自组织神经网络模型

水资源丰富度评价是开展水文区划和水利化区划工作重要的科学依据[1] 。针对水资源丰富度与其影响因素之间复杂的非线性关系 ,该文提出应用自组织神经网络模型来评价流域水资源的丰富度 ,解决了在水文条件复杂的地区训练 (学习 )样本难以获得的难题。     

中国北方地区四季的时空演变特征

利用中国北方地区及周边58个气象站点1960~2009年的逐日气温资料,结合气候趋势系数和GIS平台,以5 d滑动平均温度作为划分依据,对中国北方地区近50 a来四季的开始时间、长度以及积温的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,北方地区四季演变呈一定的径向、纬向和海陆分布规律,且由于地理隔离,存在不连续的高值或低值中心,但整体上呈现以下特征:春夏起始日期提前,秋季推迟,冬季整体变化不大;多数地区春季、秋季和冬季变短,夏季变长,严冬比例减小;多数地区春季温度降低,夏季、秋季和冬季温度升高,严冬平均温度升高。     

H'、AMBI和M-AMBI指数在黄河口及邻近海域底栖生境健康评价中的适宜性研究

From a dataset of macrobenthos obtained from 18 cruises from 2004 to 2013 in the Huanghe(Yellow River)Estuary and its adjacent areas,the composition and characteristics of macrobenthos were analyzed,and the applicability of the Shannon-Wiener Index(H′),AZTI's Marine Biotic Index(AMBI) and multivariate AMBI(MAMBI) for assessing benthic habitat quality was compared.The results showed a total of 203 macrobenthos in the study area.The macrobenthos were dominated by polychaetes,followed by mollusks and crustaceans.The macrobenthic ecological groups were dominated by EGI,EGII and EGIII,which respectively accounted for 31.5%,36.0% and 21.2% of the total.There were significant differences between the evaluation results of the three indices.The ecological quality status(EQS) levels given by the AMBI were greater than those given by the H′ and M-AMBI.The AMBI could not reflect the differences between 11 sites but the H′ and M-AMBI could do.Moreover,the three indices responded well to the variations in salinity(S) and dissolved oxygen(DO) in the waters.The H′ and MAMBI also responded sensitively to the differences in physical parameters,such as water depth and sediment texture.The correlation between M-AMBI and environmental pressure gradient data was the strongest.The MAMBI could effectively distinguish degraded conditions from undegraded but the H′ and AMBI could not.Therefore,the M-AMBI reflected benthic habitat health well in the study areas.However,the objectivity of evaluation results of M-AMBI needs further verification by physical,chemical and biological methods.The thresholds also need further discussion.