Detecting lateral resistivity inhomogeneities with the Schlumberger array

A method of detecting lateral resistivity inhomogeneities with a multi-electrode cable for the Schlumberger array is presented. Using such a cable system, two dipole-dipole soundings are gathered in addition to the Schlumberger sounding at each point. Offset differences calculated from the dipole-dipole data give qualitative information about lateral resistivity inhomogeneities. Results from 1D modelling can give quantitative information about the 2D resistivity distribution since the dipole-dipole soundings are made to either side of the Schlumberger sounding point. Examples from two different locations in Norway are shown. At Reinøya, northern Norway, a dipping layer, confirmed by refraction seismic data, was identified. In a sedimentary basin with a contamination plume at Haslemoen, southern Norway, the method has revealed lateral variations in resistivity. In both cases, the Schlumberger soundings could be fitted with a 1D resistivity model.     

A new tethersonde system for remote measurement of wind and temperature

An economical tethersonde system has been developed for use in the light-to-moderate wind conditions typically accompanying nocturnal inversions, to obtain vertical profiles of wind velocity and temperature to heights in excess of 300 m. Minimal capital investment and operational expenditure were achieved with the utilization of a spherical balloon, the development of a simple and reliable thermistor temperature sensor, and the development of algorithms to obtain quantitative estimates of wind velocity from the measured position of the balloon and from the known aerodynamic drag properties of both the balloon and the tether. With the length and suspension geometry of the tether line known, an approximation is applied to allow for its non-linearity, and the position vector of the balloon and instrument package can then be determined by a single theodolite fix. The vertical component of the position vector so determined corresponds to the geometric height of the sensor, while the horizontal component is directly related to wind velocity. Heights and horizontal wind velocities estimated by these methods compare well with direct independent measurements.     

不动产统一登记的难点与对策—湖南澧县试点的经验总结

自湖南省开展不动产统一登记试点工作以来,澧县不动产统一登记已进入全面实施阶段。该文扼要叙述了澧县不动产统一登记的推进进程,分析了不动产统一登记的难点,并从总结试点经验入手,探析需要把握的组织机构、岗位设置、工作衔接、资料移交等工作要点,提出了湖南全面开展不动产登记工作的建议。     

顾及TGD与DCB改正的单点定位研究

TGD是调制导航电文中的一个时延差参数,它反映了L1P（Y）信号与L2P（Y）信号内部时延间的差异,对于单频导航用户,必须进行TGD改正。DCB是一表征不同测距码间差异的参数,利用DCB参数可以将L1C／A码测距精度提升到L。P（Y）码水平。本文评估了TGD与DCB参数的量级,利用IGS站数据,分析了二者对GPS单点定位的影响,结果表明：进行TGD改正后,三维定位精度有平均约1．5m的提高,平均改善率为27．3％;在TGD改正的基础上进行DCB改正后,三维定位精度有平均约0．1m的提高,平均改善率为2．59／6．     

A Method for Alpine Wetland Delineation and Features of Border: Zoigê Plateau,China

Accurate wetland delineation is the basis of wetland definition and mapping, and is of great importance for wetland management and research. The Zoigê Plateau on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was used as a research site for research on alpine wetland delineation. Several studies have analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern and dynamics of these alpine wetlands, but none have addressed the issues of wetland boundaries. The objective of this work was to discriminate the upper boundaries of alpine wetlands by coupling ecological methods and satellite observations. The combination of Landsat 8 images and supervised classification was an effective method for rapid identification of alpine wetlands in the Zoigê Plateau. Wet meadow was relatively stable compared with hydric soils and wetland hydrology and could be used as a primary indicator for discriminating the upper boundaries of alpine wetlands. A slope of less than 4.5° could be used as the threshold value for wetland delineation. The normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) in 434 field sites showed that a threshold value of 0.3 could distinguish grasslands from emergent marsh and wet meadow in September. The median normalized difference water index(NDWI) of emergent marsh remained more stable than that of wet meadow and grasslands during the period from September until July of the following year. The index of mean density in wet meadow zones was higher than the emergent and upland zones. Over twice the number of species occurred in the wet meadow zone compared with the emergent zone, and close to the value of upland zone. Alpine wetlands in the three reserves in 2014 covered 1175.19 km2 with a classification accuracy of 75.6%. The combination of ecological methods and remote sensing technology will play an important role in wetland delineation at medium and small scales. The correct differentiation between wet meadow and grasslands is the key to improving the accuracy of future wetland delineation.     

Resistivity measurements on the sea bottom to map fracture zones in the bedrock underneath sediments1

Refraction seismics with the shotpoints and the hydrophone cable on the sea-bottom, have become the standard geophysical method for investigating rock quality before constructing offshore tunnels in Norway. In connection with the construction of a sub-sea tunnel by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, research work was carried out to compare two low-velocity zones, indicated by refraction seismics with other methods. A special resistivity cable for pole-dipole measurements on the sea-floor, with 10 m between the electrodes, was constructed. A 200 m long profile, crossing the two low-velocity zones, was measured with all combinations of electrode distances. The two zones were detected as low-resistivity zones. A special data processing technique to enhance the anomalies is described. Resistivity soundings in a seawater environment to detect fracture zones in the bedrock underneath the bottom sediments, are discussed. It is concluded that severely fractured zones, which may cause difficulties for the tunnel construction, can be detected both with sea-surface and sea-floor arrays using long electrode spacings.     

Carbon sequestration effects of shrublands in Three-North Shelterbelt Forest region,China

Three-North Shelterbelt Forest(TSF) program, is one of six key forestry programs and has a 73-year construction period, from 1978 to 2050. Quantitative analysis of the carbon sequestration of shrubs in this region is important for understanding the overall function of carbon sequestration of the forest and other terrestrial ecosystems in China. This study investigated the distribution area of shrubland in the TSF region based on remote sensing images in 1978 and 2008, and calculated the carbon density of shrubland in combination with the field investigation and previous data from published papers. The carbon sequestration quantity and rate from 1978 to 2008 was analyzed for four sub-regions and different types of shrubs in the TSF region. The results revealed that: 1) The area of shrubland in the study area and its four sub-regions increased during the past thirty years. The area of shrubland for the whole region in 2008 was 1.2 × 10~7 ha, 72.8% larger than that in 1978. The Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Sub-region was the largest shrubland distribution area, while the highest coverage rate was found in the North China Sub-region. 2) In decreasing order of their carbon sequestration, the four types of shrubs considered in this study were Hippophae rhamnoides, Caragana spp., Haloxylon ammodendron and Vitex negundo var. heterophylla. The carbon sequestration of H. rhamnoides, with a maximum mean carbon density of 16.5 Mg C/ha, was significantly higher than that of the other three species. 3) The total carbon sequestration of shrubland in the study region was 4.5×10~7 Mg C with a mean annual carbon sequestration of 1.5 ×10~6 Mg C. The carbon density in the four sub-regions decreased in the following order: the Loess Plateau Sub-region, the North China Sub-region, the Northeast China Sub-region and the Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Sub-region. The paucity of studies and data availability on the large-scale carbon sequestration of shrub species suggests this study provides a baseline reference for future research in this area.