全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2663篇 |
免费 | 356篇 |
国内免费 | 432篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 276篇 |
大气科学 | 275篇 |
地球物理 | 658篇 |
地质学 | 1214篇 |
海洋学 | 400篇 |
天文学 | 233篇 |
综合类 | 146篇 |
自然地理 | 249篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 23篇 |
2023年 | 59篇 |
2022年 | 135篇 |
2021年 | 162篇 |
2020年 | 153篇 |
2019年 | 146篇 |
2018年 | 170篇 |
2017年 | 134篇 |
2016年 | 181篇 |
2015年 | 140篇 |
2014年 | 142篇 |
2013年 | 158篇 |
2012年 | 199篇 |
2011年 | 192篇 |
2010年 | 171篇 |
2009年 | 166篇 |
2008年 | 126篇 |
2007年 | 94篇 |
2006年 | 105篇 |
2005年 | 53篇 |
2004年 | 73篇 |
2003年 | 53篇 |
2002年 | 73篇 |
2001年 | 46篇 |
2000年 | 54篇 |
1999年 | 55篇 |
1998年 | 38篇 |
1997年 | 35篇 |
1996年 | 26篇 |
1995年 | 26篇 |
1994年 | 26篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 22篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有3451条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
对20个氯代苯酚类化合物进行了CNDO/2量子化学计算,讨论了化合物电子结构与其对水生物翻车鱼(Bluegill)、花鳉鱼(Guppy)、和虾(Shrimp)半致死量之间的关系,分别获得了表示其构效关系的三个线性方程,它们的显著性均远高于α=0.01水平。结果表明:氯代苯酚化合物苯环上碳原子的兀电荷之和(∑Qπ_R)越大苯环上碳原子的净电荷之和(∑Q_R)越大,或LUMO轨道能(E_(LUMO))越低,均使化合物对Bluegill和Guppy水生物的毒性增大;而化合物苯环上羟基邻位的碳原子的兀电荷布居(P_3)越大,同时HOMO轨道能E_(HOMO)越高,则化合物对Shrimp毒性也越大。据此,可预测氯代苯酚类化合物对上述三种水生物的毒性。 相似文献
2.
Inhomogeneous substrate analysis using EM300 backscatter imagery 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Backscatter reflectivity from multibeam echo-sounders provides a powerful tool to efficiently characterize seafloor substrates. A comprehensive EM300 bathymetric and backscatter survey has been completed of Cook Strait, in central New Zealand. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the realtime corrections applied to the raw EM300 multibeam data and additional corrections required to compute angular variations of the backscatter strength. The corrections, including the local absorption coefficient, the influence of seafloor topography and sound refraction in the water column, are determined for different Cook Strait seafloor substrates. Modifying MB-System software code, we extracted the backscatter signal parameters in order to quantify the raw backscatter strength and apply additional processing. Profiles of backscatter strength versus incidence angle were computed for a variety of sites characterized by flat seafloor and homogeneous substrates, and for which ground-truth data were available. For each homogeneous site, different but characteristic backscatter profiles are observed that can be interpreted in terms of sediment facies. To analyze heterogeneous substrates, we present a statistical technique, based on a 3-dimensional distribution of (incidence angle, backscatter strength) couples that preserves geological information of the substrate components. This analysis, using backscatter data acquired on a submarine volcano, north of New Zealand, clearly differentiates soft sediments and lava flows within a heterogeneous substrate. 相似文献
3.
Pristane (2,6,10,14 -tetramethylpentadecane) occurs ubiquitously in the marine environment. This hydrocarbon may be of biogenic or petrogenic origin.1 Recently it has been shown that residual amounts of this branched alkane increased in marine organisms after an oil spill.2,3 The lack of data on the fate of pristane in fish, added with the fact that this compound was considered by some authors as a non-metabolisable substance in vertebrates, including man,4 led us to investigate the capability of fish to metabolise pristane. In this study, urinary and fecal excretion, tissue distribution and metabolism of 3H-pristane were analysed in Salmo gairdneri R. after a single intragastric dose. In addition to unchanged hydrocarbon, various labelled compounds have been isolated and identified in liver, bile, faeces, urine and surrounding water, demonstrating that pristane was first oxidised to alcohols (pristanol and pristane-diol) and to acid (pristanic acid). The elimination of these compounds occurred in the form of conjugated products (primarily glucuronides) as well as free metabolites. 相似文献
4.
Jean-Benoît Charrassin Young-Hyang Park Yvon Le Maho Charles-Andr Bost 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2004,51(12):2091-2103
The use of diving animals as autonomous vectors of oceanographic instruments is rapidly increasing, because this approach yields cost-efficient new information and can be used in previously poorly sampled areas. However, methods for analyzing the collected data are still under development. In particular, difficulties may arise from the heterogeneous data distribution linked to animals’ behavior. Here we show how raw temperature data collected by penguin-borne loggers were transformed to a regular gridded dataset that provided new information on the local circulation off Kerguelen. A total of 16 king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) were equipped with satellite-positioning transmitters and with temperature–time–depth recorders (TTDRs) to record dive depth and sea temperature. The penguins’ foraging trips recorded during five summers ranged from 140 to 600 km from the colony and 11,000 dives >100 m were recorded. Temperature measurements recorded during diving were used to produce detailed 3D temperature fields of the area (0–200 m). The data treatment included dive location, determination of the vertical profile for each dive, averaging and gridding of those profiles onto 0.1°×0.1° cells, and optimal interpolation in both the horizontal and vertical using an objective analysis. Horizontal fields of temperature at the surface and 100 m are presented, as well as a vertical section along the main foraging direction of the penguins. Compared to conventional temperature databases (Levitus World Ocean Atlas and historical stations available in the area), the 3D temperature fields collected from penguins are extremely finely resolved, by one order finer. Although TTDRs were less accurate than conventional instruments, such a high spatial resolution of penguin-derived data provided unprecedented detailed information on the upper level circulation pattern east of Kerguelen, as well as the iron-enrichment mechanism leading to a high primary production over the Kerguelen Plateau. 相似文献
5.
6.
Polarimetric, photometric, and reflectance spectroscopic properties of asteroid 44 Vesta are simulated in the laboratory by a preparation of eucrite Bereba consisting oof a broad mixture of particle sizes (mainly greater than 50-μm) mixed and partially coated with particles of size 10 μm and less. Coarse grains are necessary for producing the same albedo and a very fine dust coating is necessary for producing the same polarization inversion angle as observed for Vesta. There are less small grains and fine dust in this sample than in lunar soils. Photometrically, if coating a sphere, this sample shows a constant brightness on the sunward half of the observed hemisphere, the brightness being given on the other half by the Minnaert reciprocity principle. With such a photometric behavior, the global geometric albedo and the sub-Earth point geometric albedo differ by no more than 5%. The microscopic phase coefficient β is 0.021 magnitude per degree for the sample; the larger value, β = 0.025, observed telescopically for Vesta indicates that large-scale roughness is present on this asteroid. 相似文献
7.
8.
Geochemistry of oceanic carbonatites compared with continental carbonatites: mantle recycling of oceanic crustal carbonate 总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11
Kaj Hoernle George Tilton Mike J. Le Bas Svend Duggen Dieter Garbe-Schönberg 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2002,142(5):520-542
Major and trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb-O-C isotopic compositions are presented for carbonatites from the Cape Verde (Brava, Fogo, Sáo Tiago, Maio and Sáo Vicente) and Canary (Fuerteventura) Islands. Carbonatites show pronounced enrichment in Ba, Th, REE, Sr and Pb in comparison to most silicate volcanic rocks and relative depletion in Ti, Zr, Hf, K and Rb. Calcio (calcitic)-carbonatites have primary (mantle-like) stable isotopic compositions and radiogenic isotopic compositions similar to HIMU-type ocean island basalts. Cape Verde carbonatites, however, have more radiogenic Pb isotope ratios (e.g. 206Pb/204Pb=19.3-20.4) than reported for silicate volcanic rocks from these islands (18.7-19.9; Gerlach et al. 1988; Kokfelt 1998). We interpret calcio-carbonatites to be derived from the melting of recycled carbonated oceanic crust (eclogite) with a recycling age of ~1.6 Ga. Because of the degree of recrystallization, replacement of calcite by secondary dolomite and elevated 13C and 18O, the major and trace element compositions of the magnesio (dolomitic)-carbonatites are likely to reflect secondary processes. Compared with Cape Verde calcio-carbonatites, the less radiogenic Nd and Pb isotopic ratios and the negative Ɨ/4 of the magnesio-carbonatites (also observed in silicate volcanic rocks from the Canary and Cape Verde Islands) cannot be explained through secondary processes or through the assimilation of Cape Verde crust. These isotopic characteristics require the involvement of a mantle component that has thus far only been found in the Smoky Butte lamproites from Montana, which are believed to be derived from subcontinental lithospheric sources. Continental carbonatites show much greater variation in radiogenic isotopic composition than oceanic carbonatites, requiring a HIMU-like component similar to that observed in the oceanic carbonatites and enriched components. We interpret the enriched components to be Phanerozoic through Proterozoic marine carbonate (e.g. limestone) recycled through shallow, subcontinental-lithospheric-mantle and deep, lower-mantle sources. 相似文献
9.
数字地震仪的发展历史及展望 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4
地震仪经历了光点,模拟和数字的变化,数字地震仪本身由16位发展到24位,其附属设备(电缆,检波器)也是到了不同程度的发展。近年来,I/O等公司利用MEMS技术研制了新型地震检波器,这一新的发展对于地震采集尤其是多分量采集带来重要影响。 相似文献
10.
Petrography of Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sandstones in the Kutch Basin,western India:Implications on provenance and basin evolution 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper investigates the provenance of Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sediments in the Kutch Basin, western India, on the basis of mineralogical investigations of sandstones composition(Quartz-Feldspar-Lithic(QFL)fragment), Zircon-Tourmaline-Rutile(ZTR) index, and mineral chemistry of heavy detrital minerals of the framework.The study also examines the compositional variation of the sandstone in relation to the evolution of the Kutch Basin, which originated as a rift basin during the Late Triassic and evolved into a passive margin basin by the end Cretaceous. This study analyzes sandstone samples of Jhumara, Jhuran and Bhuj Formations of Middle Jurassic,Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, respectively, in the Kutch Mainland. Sandstones record a compositional evolution from arkosic to subarkosic as the feldspar content decreases from 68% in the Jhumara Formation to 27%in the Bhuj Formation with intermediate values in the Jhuran Formation. The QFL modal composition indicates basement uplifted and transitional continental settings at source. Heavy mineral content of these sandstones reveals the occurrence of zircon, tourmaline, rutile, garnet, apatite, monazite and opaque minerals. Sub-rounded to well-rounded zircon grains indicate a polycyclic origin. ZTR indices for samples in Jhumara, Jhuran and Bhuj Formations are 25%, 30% and 50% respectively. Chemistry of opaque minerals reveals the occurrence of detrital varieties such as ilmenite, rutile, hematite/magnetite and pyrite, in a decreasing order of abundances. Chemistry of ilmenites in the Jhumara Formation reveals its derivation from dual felsic igneous and metabasic source, while those in Jhuran and Bhuj Formations indicate a metabasic derivation. Chemistry of garnet reveals predominantly Fe-rich(almandine) variety of metabasic origin. X-ray microscopic study provides the percentage of heavy minerals ranging from 3% to 5.26%. QFL detrital modes reflect the evolution of the basin from an active rift to a passive margin basin during the Mesozoic. Integration of results from QFL modal composition of the sandstones, heavy mineral analysis and mineral chemistry, suggests sediment supply from both northern and eastern highlands during the Middle Jurassic. The uplift along the Kutch Mainland Fault in the Early Cretaceous results in curtailment of sediment input from north. 相似文献