湖泊流域生态系统演化对人类世研究的重要意义

人类世可能成为一个全新的地质时期,以描述人类活动对地球环境造成极为深远的影响,目前已被广泛讨论。湖泊及流域生态系统作为与人类社会最密切的地球单元之一,受到人类活动显著影响,相关研究成果能为理解人类世做出贡献。本文从湖泊流域生态系统和人类世本身特征为切入点,讨论了湖泊及流域生态系统演化对人类世研究的重要意义。我们认为,湖泊具有相对独立的整体,清晰的内部作用关系、完备的理论支持和时空数据支撑,能够为人类世地球各圈层交互作用提供研究框架。湖泊流域生态系统演化的稳态转换与地球环境进入新的地质时期具有诸多相似之处,相关研究成果能够更好地界定人类世开始时间、总体特征以及演变过程和机制。本文指出人类世湖泊及流域生态系统演化研究依然面临诸多挑战,并提出了对未来相关研究的展望。     

Structural differences between the western and eastern Qiongdongnan Basin: evidence of Indochina block extrusion and South China Sea seafloor spreading

Located at the intersection between a NW-trending slip system and NE-trending rift system in the northern South China Sea, the Qiongdongnan Basin provides key clues for us to understand the proposed extrusion of the Indochina Block along with Red River Fault Zone and extensional margins. In this paper we for the first time systematically reveal the striking structural differences between the western and eastern sector of the Qiongdongnan Basin. Influenced by the NW-trending slip faults, the western Qiongdongnan Basin developed E–W-trending faults, and was subsequently inverted at 30–21 Ma. The eastern sector was dominated by faults with NE orientation before 30 Ma, and thereafter with various orientations from NE, to EW and NW during the period 30–21 Ma; rifting display composite symmetric graben instead of the composite half graben or asymmetric graben in the west. The deep and thermal structures in turn are invoked to account for such deformation differences. The lithosphere of the eastern Qiongdongnan Basin is very hot and thinned because of mantle upwelling and heating, composite symmetric grabens formed and the faults varied with the basal plate boundary. However, the Southern and Northern Uplift area and middle of the central depression is located on normal lithosphere and formed half grabens or simple grabens. The lithosphere in the western sector is transitional from very hot to normal. Eventually, the Paleogene tectonic development of the Qiongdongnan Basin may be summarized into three stages with dominating influences, the retreat of the West Pacific subduction zone (44–36 Ma), slow Indochina block extrusion together with slab-pull of the Proto-South China Sea (36–30 Ma), rapid Indochina block extrusion together with the South China Sea seafloor spreading (30–21 Ma).     

汶川地震同震模型新解及震后InSAR观测和初步分析

汶川地震的形变观测在一定程度上来说,取得了前所未有的成功,特别是在龙门山这样一个特殊的地质构造单元上。通过干涉雷达(InSAR)手段获得断层上盘的形变观测,用C波段雷达观测几乎是不可能的,因为剧烈的地面起伏和致密的植被覆盖会使得雷达后向散射信号在观测期间变得完全不相干。同时超厚的水汽分布,使得大气对雷达波的延迟作用变强,造成显著的观测误差。然而,利用L波段雷达观测,前面一个问题得到部分解决;同时,日本宇航机构JAXA在震后紧急调整卫星轨道,获得了相当一部分覆盖汶川地震的小基线干涉像对,进一步降低了干涉去相干作用,最终使得我们得到了比较全面的InSAR形变观测结果。     

基于Landsat-8时间序列影像分析西昆仑山地区冰川滑移特征

利用图像亚像元互相关分析方法处理了Landsat-8卫星获取的时间序列影像数据,得到中国青藏高原西北部地区西昆仑峰区冰川匀速滑移的时空演化过程。利用亚像元影像互相关技术对Landsat-8光学影像精确配准,配准精度达到0.01像元,即该光学影像的水平形变监测精度达到0.15 m。通过对2013-07～2014-08的15景Landsat-8影像进行互相关和形变时间序列反演分析,获得了西昆仑峰区两条冰川的滑动位移场和速度场。研究表明,该区域的冰川基本处于匀速滑移状态（无明显加速和减速现象）;同时也验证了Landsat-8光学影像在监测较大地表位移和地壳形变事件（如沙丘移动、地震、滑坡、火山等）上的应用潜力。     

Environmental magnetic studies of sediment cores from Gonghai Lake: implications for monsoon evolution in North China during the late glacial and Holocene

Environmental magnetic studies were conducted on a 9.42-m-long sediment core from Gonghai Lake, North China. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the record spans the last 15,000 cal year BP. The principal magnetic mineral in the sediments is pseudo-single domain magnetite of detrital origin with minimal post-depositional alteration. Although the variations in the concentration of detrital magnetic minerals and their grain size throughout the core reflect inputs from both soil erosion and eolian dust, it is shown that their climatic and environmental significance changes with time. In the lowermost part of the core, ~15,000–11,500 cal year BP, the magnetic minerals were supplied mainly by bedrock erosion, soil erosion and dust input when climate ameliorated after the cold and dusty last glacial maximum. The increasing magnetic susceptibility (χ) in this interval may indicate a combination of changes in the lake environment together with catchment-surface stabilization and a decreasing proportion of dust input. In the central part of the core, ~11,500–1,000 cal year BP, the detrital magnetic minerals mainly originated from dust inputs from outside the catchment when the lake catchment was covered by forest, and catchment-derived sediment supply (and thus the lake sediment accumulation rate) were minimal. The generally low concentration of magnetic minerals in this part of the core reflects the highest degree of soil stability and the strongest summer monsoon during the Holocene. In the uppermost part of the core, the last ~1,000 years, detrital magnetic minerals mainly originated from erosion of catchment soils when the vegetation cover was sparse and the sediment accumulation rates were high. Within this part of the core the high magnetic susceptibility reflects strong pedogenesis in the lake catchment, and thus a strong summer monsoon. This scenario is similar to that recorded in loess profiles. Overall, the results document three main stages of summer monsoon history with abrupt shifts from one stage to another: an increasing and variable summer monsoon during the last deglacial, a generally strong summer monsoon in the early and middle Holocene and a weak summer monsoon in the late Holocene. The results also suggest that different interpretational models may need to be applied to lake sediment magnetic mineral assemblages corresponding to different stages of environmental evolution.     

A Preliminary Study on Geological and Seismogenic Structures in the Region of 1969 M 7.4 Bohai Sea Earthquake

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三明市食用菌生产农业气候资源分析与区划

通过对三明市山地农业气候资源和食用菌生产的气象条件的调查与分析 ,采用划分温期法和候平均气温资料 ,选择适栽食用菌品种和菌株 ,科学安排栽培生产季节 ,实现食用菌周年生产和高产优质 ;应用地理信息系统 ,建立气候资源小网格推算模式 ,制作食用菌生产气候区划图 ,趋利避害 ,为合理开发利用闽中山区农业气候资源、发展食用菌生产提供了科学依据。     

Differences in the evolutionary pattern of dust storms over the past 2000 years between eastern and western China and the driving mechanisms

Science China Earth Sciences -     

Major advances in studies of the physical geography and living environment of China during the past 70 years and future prospects

The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. geomorphology,climate, hydrology, soil, etc.) are the main objects of research in physical geography. China has a complex natural environment and huge regional differentiation and therefore it provides outstanding reserach opportunities in physical geography. This review summarizes the most important developments and the main contributions of research in the physical geography and human living environment in China during the past 70 years. The major topics addressed are the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of its cryosphere, the development of fluvial systems, the acidification of the vast arid region of the Asian interior, variations in the monsoon and westerly climate systems on multiple timescales, the development of lakes and wetlands, the watershed system model, soil erosion, past human-environment interactions, biogeography, and physical geographic zonality. After briefly introducing international research developments, we review the history of research in physical geography in China, focusing on the major achievements and major academic debates, and finally we summarize the status of current research and the future prospects. We propose that in the context of the national demand for the construction of an ecological civilization, we should make full use of the research findings of physical geography, and determine the patterns and mechanisms of natural environmental processes in order to continue to promote the continued contribution of physical geography to national development strategies, and to further contribute to the theory of physical geography from a global perspective.     

济阳坳陷车西洼陷异常高压与储层孔隙度的关系

根据研究区测井、测试、岩石物性等资料,讨论分析了异常高压与储层孔隙度的关系。车西洼陷沙河街组沙三段与沙四上亚段地层中存在异常地层压力,主要分布于深洼带和斜坡前缘。异常高压带地层压力与孔隙度有良好的相关性,主要表现在以下几个方面:异常高压使得储集空间得以保存;通过促进溶解作用而形成大量次生孔隙;异常高压作用下形成微裂缝,极大地改善了地层储集性能。根据异常压力与孔隙度的相关性,预测了车西洼陷沙四上亚段的孔隙度特征。