Ca II resonance lines in non-homogeneous chromospheres

Profiles of the K line of Caii are computed for a two component solar chromosphere, chosen to simulate with a simple geometry the chromospheric supergranular network. Each component rises above the BCA photosphere, the boundary component representing the bright network with a sharp temperature rise and the cell component representing the darker region with an extended temperature minimum. Theoretical intensity profiles of the Can K core, calculated as weighted averages over the projected areas of the components, are produced for = 0.6 and 0.3. The line source function and the optical depth are obtained from a self-consistent treatment of the steady state and radiative transfer equations, with complete redistribution assumed for scattering in the line. The atomic model consists of two bound levels and a continuum. It is found that a 4600 K minimum can lead to the successful theoretical prediction of the observed limb darkening and 4300 K radiation temperature of the K1 feature only when very large values of turbulent velocity are assumed to exist in the cell region.Publications of the Goethe Link Observatory, Indiana University, No. 95.     

The response of natural river channels to urbanization: Two case studies from southeast England

The hypothesis that natural channels become enlarged as a result of an increase in flood flows following urbanization was tested in two areas of southeast England. In the West Sussex Study, a regression equation was used to calculate the expected cross-sectional area of channels draining rural areas. The channel enlargement ratio, which is the actual cross-sectional area of channels draining urbanized catchments divided by the predicted cross-sectional area of the stream if its basin was rural, was then calculated for 27 urbanized catchments. The relationship between the channel enlargement ratio and the percentage of the catchment paved revealed that a 10% paving of a basin should increase channel size downstream by 1.7 times but the variance explained by the equation was not as high as that found in an American study. The second study involved a comparison of the cross-sectional morphology of the Canon's Brook, Harlow, Essex in 1956 and 1970. The 1956 survey was undertaken when little building had taken place in the catchment whilst in 1970 about 18% of the basin was paved. Although various measures of central tendency indicated an increase in channel size during the period, this conclusion was not confirmed by a difference of means test suited to paired observations. A possible explanation for this finding is that there is a lag time between increases in flood flows and channel enlargement. Some validity can therefore be given to the view that urbanization leads to the enlargement of natural channels but further work using these and other methods is needed.     

Feldspar in type 4–6 ordinary chondrites: Metamorphic processing on the H and LL chondrite parent bodies

Abstract– We have carried out a study of feldspar compositions in a suite of H and LL ordinary chondrites, of petrologic types 4, 5, and 6, in order to examine the process of recrystallization and equilibration of feldspar as the degree of metamorphism increases. In the H chondrites, there is little variation in feldspar compositions among the petrologic types, suggesting that homogenization of chondrule mesostasis, from which feldspar is presumed to have crystallized, occurred before feldspar crystallization began. The LL chondrites we studied are more complex. In Bjurböle (L/LL4), plagioclase in individual relict chondrules has distinct compositions, with a range of An/Ab ratios and low Or contents. This heterogeneity is most likely attributable to original compositional heterogeneity among chondrule mesostases: localized recrystallization of mesostasis must have occurred before diffusional equilibration took place. In Tuxtuac (LL5), the An/Ab ratio of plagioclase is more homogeneous, and plagioclase includes a significant Or component. In addition, we observe what appears to be exsolution of K‐feldspar from albitic host grains. In Saint Séverin (LL6), the An/Ab ratio of plagioclase is homogeneous, but plagioclase compositions show a range of Or contents, corresponding to a patchy distribution of K in individual feldspar grains. The observations in these LL chondrites are difficult to interpret with a simple model of progressive equilibration with increasing petrologic type. We suggest that the current criteria for assigning petrologic types are poorly defined: it is possible that the assigned petrologic types of these chondrites do not correlate with their peak temperatures. We propose that feldspar compositions might record conditions during the heating stage of metamorphism, and that the early stages of metamorphism may have occurred in the presence of fluids, rather than under the dry conditions that are commonly assumed.     

One year irrigation experiment to assess losses and runoff volume relationships for a residential road in hertfordshire,England

Six sections of a residential road (75 mm bituminous macadam over 200mm lean mix concrete over 100 mm hoggin with a recent surface dressing of 10 mm granite chippings and K1-70 binder) that drain to individual instrumented gully pots were irrigated along the kerb and then over the whole road approximately monthly for a year. The aim was the determination of terminal infiltration losses, initial losses, percentage runoff, and infiltration curves for the kerb and road surface. The results were not as expected from the literature. There is an annual cycle of infiltration losses at the kerb with a winter peak caused by frost action that is 3.2 times greater than the terminal loss rate at kerbs in summer. The terminal loss rate for an ‘average catchment’ was 6.4251 min^?1 from the road surface and 14.251 min^?1 in summer and 46.281 min^?1 in winter at the kerb. Evaporation was usually more than an order of magnitude less significant than infiltration. The wide variation in initial losses before runoff commenced was inexplicable. Two sections of road behaved in the classic manner with initial losses averaging 0.8 mm, two other catchments had highly variable initial losses in the range 1.2 to 8.8mm, and the last two pieces of road were even more erratic. The percentage runoff for those irrigations of over 15 mm of equivalent rainfall was never more than 10 per cent. The maximum per cent runoff was around 50 per cent following 10 mm of equivalent rainfall for kerbside irrigation and only 5 mm of irrigation over the whole road. There were no significant simple or multiple regression relationships between percentage runoff from the kerb or the whole road irrigations and irrigation amount, slope, UCWI, and SMD. Infiltration curves, for kerb and road irrigation, were so diverse that they do not represent the ‘simple impervious surfaces’ envisaged at the start of the experiment and described in the literature. Since the artificial irrigation of kerbs and roads has failed to substantiate existing theory, these experiments should be repeated at a variety of sites with a high rate of irrigation.     

A tipping bucket flowmeter for roadside gully runoff

A tipping bucket flowmeter designed for the measurement of inflows to roadside gully pots is described. It is braced within the pot above the liquor and the runoff is fed to it via a glass fibre funnel and a hose. Whilst it can be calibrated to only 0·71 s^?1, it is very effective at low flows and has a number of advantages over the well known Institute of Hydrology Gully Meter. Its use at Redbourn, Hertfordshire for roads on highly permeable soils shows that for both rainfall and artificial irrigation the ‘losses’ are very large and highly variable even within a single housing estate road.     

Evaluating new fault-controlled hydrothermal dolomitization models: Insights from the Cambrian Dolomite,Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

Fault-controlled hydrothermal dolomitization in tectonically complex basins can occur at any depth and from different fluid compositions, including ‘deep-seated’, ‘crustal’ or ‘basinal’ brines. Nevertheless, many studies have failed to identify the actual source of these fluids, resulting in a gap in our knowledge on the likely source of magnesium of hydrothermal dolomitization. With development of new concepts in hydrothermal dolomitization, the study aims in particular to test the hypothesis that dolomitizing fluids were sourced from either seawater, ultramafic carbonation or a mixture between the two by utilizing the Cambrian Mount Whyte Formation as an example. Here, the large-scale dolostone bodies are fabric-destructive with a range of crystal fabrics, including euhedral replacement (RD1) and anhedral replacement (RD2). Since dolomite is cross-cut by low amplitude stylolites, dolomitization is interpreted to have occurred shortly after deposition, at a very shallow depth (<1 km). At this time, there would have been sufficient porosity in the mudstones for extensive dolomitization to occur, and the necessary high heat flows and faulting associated with Cambrian rifting to transfer hot brines into the near surface. While the δ¹⁸O_water and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios values of RD1 are comparable with Cambrian seawater, RD2 shows higher values in both parameters. Therefore, although aspects of the fluid geochemistry are consistent with dolomitization from seawater, very high fluid temperature and salinity could be suggestive of mixing with another, hydrothermal fluid. The very hot temperature, positive Eu anomaly, enriched metal concentrations, and cogenetic relation with quartz could indicate that hot brines were at least partially sourced from ultramafic rocks, potentially as a result of interaction between the underlying Proterozoic serpentinites and CO₂-rich fluids. This study highlights that large-scale hydrothermal dolostone bodies can form at shallow burial depths via mixing during fluid pulses, providing a potential explanation for the mass balance problem often associated with their genesis.     

Broken Beds,but better science; using multiple hypotheses to interpret geological data

In this study, we propose a multiple hypotheses approach to improve interpretations of limited remotely sensed datasets, such as sparsely exposed outcrops, subsurface datasets, or planetary objects using semi-quantitative scoring and ranking of observable features. This method is demonstrated using an outcrop example from the Broken Beds of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Limestone Group exposed along Britain's Jurassic Coast. Four published hypotheses regarding their origin are refined, represented in matrix form, scored and ranked based on carefully selected outcrop features. Semi-quantitative scoring utilises knowledge of likely processes governing the occurrence of a range of features, some of which might be ignored or down-played to favour a single hypothesis. Furthermore, by integrating expertise from different sub-disciplines (e.g. basin analysis, sedimentology, diagenesis), we also consider the combined evidence of multiple features. This new method results in an interpretation that favours a multi-process origin for the Broken Beds due to evaporite dissolution, overpressure release and tectonic folding, with identified uncertainty, all useful to guide further data collection.     

Summary of an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification,Terminology, and Usage

International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification [Report No. 7b; editor H. D. Hedberg]: Summary of an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage. Boreas, Vol. 1, pp. 213–239. Oslo, 1st September, 1972. [Co-published with Lethaia, Vol. 5, pp. 297–323]. Six published reports (and some 40 circulars) of the International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification (ISSC) constitute the principal bases for the initial edition of an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage. The published reports on Lithostratigraphic Units, Biostratigraphic Units, Chronostratigraphic Units, and Stratotypes are advance chapters of the Guide. The following Summary, which with the preceding Introduction will form the first chapter of the completed Guide, provides a concise and condensed statement of principles, definitions, and proposed rules, which are elaborated in more detail in the published reports and individual chapters of the Guide.     

Geothermal profile and crust-mantle transition beneath east-central Queensland: Volcanology, xenolith petrology and seismic data

Geothermobarometry of garnet granulite and garnet websterite xenoliths in basalts from numerous localities in east-central Queensland gives P-T points that fall along the geotherm previously defined for southeastern Australia. This elevated geotherm is ascribed to the advective transport of heat by Tertiary-Recent magmas ponded at the crust-mantle boundary. The lower crust in this region consists dominantly of mafic granulites, representing frozen basaltic melts and cumulates. Spinel lherzolite becomes a dominant rock type at depths of ca. 30 km, and persists, interlayered with pyroxenites, to depths of ca. 55 km. Seismic reflection profiles show a “layered lower crust” between depths of 20 and 36 km depth. The lithologically defined crust-mantle boundary lies within this zone, at least 6 km above the seismically defined Moho. This interpretation is consistent with the observed velocity (V_p) gradient downward through the layered zone. The constructed geotherm implies that the bottom of the lithosphere beneath eastern Australia is shallower than ca. 100 km. This makes it unlikely that the diamonds of eastern Australia are derived from local intrusions, unless these are > 200 Ma old.     

Genomic resources for the spotted ragged-tooth shark Carcharias taurus

Genomic data can be a useful tool in the management and conservation of biodiversity. Here, we report the development of genomic resources for the spotted ragged-tooth shark Carcharias taurus using genome-wide DNA data from Illumina next-generation sequencing. We explored two commonly used genetic marker types: microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA. A total of 4 394 putative microsatellites were identified, of which 10 were tested on 24 individuals and found to have ideal properties for population genetic analyses. Additionally, we reconstructed the first complete mitochondrial genome of a South African spotted ragged-tooth shark, and highlight the most informative gene regions to facilitate future primer design. The data reported here may serve as a resource for future studies and can ultimately be applied in the sustainable conservation and fisheries management of this apex predator.