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1.
Dynamic modelling of retrogressive landslides with emphasis on the role of clay sensitivity 下载免费PDF全文
This paper presents a detailed numerical study of the retrogressive failure of landslides in sensitive clays. The dynamic modelling of the landslides is carried out using a novel continuum approach, the particle finite element method, complemented with an elastoviscoplastic constitutive model. The multiwedge failure mode in the collapse is captured successfully, and the multiple retrogressive failures that have been widely observed in landslides in sensitive clays are reproduced with the failure mechanism, the kinematics, and the deposition being discussed in detail. Special attention has been paid to the role of the clay sensitivity on each retrogressive failure as well as on the final retrogression distance and the final run‐out distance via parametric studies. Moreover, the effects of the viscosity of sensitive clays on the failure are also investigated for different clay sensitivities. 相似文献
2.
C.A. Mendoza-Briceño 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1997,256(1-2):387-392
The thermal evolution of structures is investigated for different values of the size of structure. A simplified cooling function and a constant heating mechanism are assumed. Analytical criteria for thermal instability are obtained. It is found that the response of the thermal structure not only depends on the amplitude of the disturbances, but also on whether the disturbance increases or decreases the initial steady temperature. Additionally, the evolution of the structure is examined numerically by using a time-dependent code under the assumption that the inertia terms are small. In particular, the analytical criteria obtained for thermal instability are verified. 相似文献
3.
Lightning discharge generated in the protoplanetary nebula is viewed as a temporally isolated surge in the flow of electrically charged particles, similar to that of terrestrial lightning. If the current is intense enough, a powerful circular impulse magnetic field is generated around the instantaneous virtual electric conductor. Such magnetic field is capable of magnetizing dust grains containing ferromagnetic components present in its vicinity to their saturation levels. As a result, dust grains attract one another, forming the aggregates. This magnetically driven attraction suggests an important process possibly operational at an early stage of the planetary accretion. Based on both a classical model for electric conductor, and the theory of Lienard–Wiechert electromagnetic potentials, our calculations show that the magnetic impulse due to a discharge channel of a few cm in diameter transferring a charge of about 104 electrons reaches as high as 10 T. At these magnetic fields, the ferromagnetic dust grains, and possibly the already-formed larger aggregates as well, are easily magnetized to the saturation levels, producing compact clusters exhibiting permanent magnetic moments. 相似文献
4.
Summary Two co-existing plutonic rocks (diorite and granodiorite) were studied from an intrusion of Variscan age in the Raztocna Valley
– Nízke Tatry Mountains, Western Carpathians. Geochemical analyses of major and trace elements constrain a volcanic arc as
emplacement environment and give the first hints of a mixture of two magmatic end-members: the so-called Prasivá granodiorite
and the Raztocna diorite. The 87Sr/86Sr(0) ratios vary between 0.7075 and 0.7118, the ε Nd(0) values range from −1.4 to −5.0. Common Pb isotopes reveal a dominant crustal source with minor influences from a mantle and
a lower crustal source.
Modelling based on Sr and Nd isotope data and using three component mixing calculations indicates that mixing of 2/3 of upper
mantle material with 1/3 upper crustal material can produce the isotopic composition of the Raztocna diorite. Very minor amounts
of lower crust were incorporated in the diorite. For the Prasivá granodiorite, the mixing ratio of upper mantle and upper
crust is similar, but a lower crustal reservoir contributed about 5–10% of the source material. 相似文献
5.
Miguel Cerviño 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,284(2):897-900
Evolutionary synthesis models have been used to study the physical properties of unresolved populations in a wide range of
scenarios. Unfortunately, their self-consistency is difficult to test and there are some theoretical open questions without
an answer: (1) The change of the homology relations assumed in the computation of isochrones due to the effect of stellar
winds (or rotation) and the discontinuities in the stellar evolution are not considered. (2) There is no consensus about how
the isochrones must be integrated. (3) The discreteness of the stellar populations (that produce an intrinsic statistical
dispersion) usually are not taken into account, and model results are interpreted in a deterministic way instead of a statistical
one. The objective of this contribution is to present some inconsistencies in the computation and some cautions in the application
of the results of such codes.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
C. Moreno R. Sáez F. González G. Almodóvar M. Toscano G. Playford A. Alansari S. Rziki A. Bajddi 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(8):891-911
The Draa Sfar mineralization consists of two main stratabound orebodies, Sidi M’Barek and Tazacourt, located north and south
of the Tensift River (“Oued Tessift”), respectively. Each orebody is comprised by at least two massive sulfide lenses. The
hosting rocks are predominantly black shales, although minor rhyolitic rocks are also present in the footwall to the southern
orebody. Shales, rhyolitic volcanic rocks, and massive sulfides are all included into the Sarhlef Series, which is recognized
as one of the main stratigraphic units of the Moroccan Variscan Meseta. Hydrothermal activity related with an anomalous thermal
gradient, together with a high sedimentation rate in a tectonically driven pull-apart marine basin, favored the accumulation
of organic-rich mud in the deepest parts of the basin and the sedimentary environment suitable for massive sulfide deposition
and preservation. This took place by replacement of the hosting unlithified wet mud below the sediment–water interface. Geochemical
data suggest a sedimentary environment characterized by oxic water column and anoxic sediment pile with the redox boundary
below the sediment–water interface. The low oxygen availability within the sediment pile inhibited oxidation and pyritization
of pyrrhotite. Biostratigraphic analysis, based on the palynological content of the hosting black shales, restricts the age
of the sulfides to the Asbian substage (mid-Mississippian). This age is consistent with earlier geochronological constraints. 相似文献
7.
Quick-look assessments to identify optimal CO2 EOR storage sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vanessa Núñez-López Mark H. Holtz Derek J. Wood William A. Ambrose Susan D. Hovorka 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(8):1695-1706
A newly developed, multistage quick-look methodology allows for the efficient screening of an unmanageably large number of
reservoirs to generate a workable set of sites that closely match the requirements for optimal CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) storage. The objective of the study is to quickly identify miscible CO2 EOR candidates in areas that contain thousands of reservoirs and to estimate additional oil recovery and sequestration capacities
of selected top options through dimensionless modeling and reservoir characterization. Quick-look assessments indicate that
the CO2 EOR resource potential along the US Gulf Coast is 4.7 billion barrels, and CO2 sequestration capacity is 2.6 billion metric tons. In the first stage, oil reservoirs are screened and ranked in terms of
technical and practical feasibility for miscible CO2 EOR. The second stage provides quick estimates of CO2 EOR potential and sequestration capacities. In the third stage, a dimensionless group model is applied to a selected set
of sites to improve the estimates of oil recovery and storage potential using appropriate inputs for rock and fluid properties,
disregarding reservoir architecture and sweep design. The fourth stage validates and refines the results by simulating flow
in a model that describes the internal architecture and fluid distribution in the reservoir. The stated approach both saves
time and allows more resources to be applied to the best candidate sites. 相似文献
8.
The Cu–Co–Ni Texeo mine has been the most important source of Cu in NW Spain since Roman times and now, approximately 40,000 m3 of wastes from mine and metallurgical operations, containing average concentrations of 9,263 mg kg−1 Cu, 1,100 mg kg−1 As, 549 mg kg−1 Co, and 840 mg kg−1 Ni, remain on-site. Since the cessation of the activity, the abandoned works, facilities and waste piles have been posing
a threat to the environment, derived from the release of toxic elements. In order to assess the potential environmental pollution
caused by the mining operations, a sequential sampling strategy was undertaken in wastes, soil, surface and groundwater, and
sediments. First, screening field tools were used to identify hotspots, before defining formal sampling strategies; so, in
the areas where anomalies were detected in a first sampling stage, a second detailed sampling campaign was undertaken. Metal
concentrations in the soils are highly above the local background, reaching up to 9,921 mg kg−1 Cu, 1,373 mg kg−1 As, 685 mg kg−1 Co, and 1,040 mg kg−1 Ni, among others. Copper concentrations downstream of the mine works reach values up to 1,869 μg l−1 and 240 mg kg−1 in surface water and stream sediments, respectively. Computer-based risk assessment for the site gives a carcinogenic risk
associated with the presence of As in surface waters and soils, and a health risk for long exposures; so, trigger levels of
these elements are high enough to warrant further investigation. 相似文献
9.
Quantitative sinkhole hazard assessments in karst areas allow calculation of the potential sinkhole risk and the performance
of cost-benefit analyses. These estimations are of practical interest for planning, engineering, and insurance purposes. The
sinkhole hazard assessments should include two components: the probability of occurrence of sinkholes (sinkholes/km2 year) and the severity of the sinkholes, which mainly refers to the subsidence mechanisms (progressive passive bending or
catastrophic collapse) and the size of the sinkholes at the time of formation; a critical engineering design parameter. This
requires the compilation of an exhaustive database on recent sinkholes, including information on the: (1) location, (2) chronology
(precise date or age range), (3) size, and (4) subsidence mechanisms and rate. This work presents a hazard assessment from
an alluvial evaporite karst area (0.81 km2) located in the periphery of the city of Zaragoza (Ebro River valley, NE Spain). Five sinkholes and four locations with features
attributable to karstic subsidence where identified in an initial investigation phase providing a preliminary probability
of occurrence of 0.14 sinkholes/km2 year (11.34% in annual probability). A trenching program conducted in a subsequent investigation phase allowed us to rule
out the four probable sinkholes, reducing the probability of occurrence to 0.079 sinkholes/km2 year (6.4% in annual probability). The information on the severity indicates that collapse sinkholes 10–15 m in diameter
may occur in the area. A detailed study of the deposits and deformational structures exposed by trenching in one of the sinkholes
allowed us to infer a modern collapse sinkhole approximately 12 m in diameter and with a vertical throw of 8 m. This collapse
structure is superimposed on a subsidence sinkhole around 80 m across that records at least 1.7 m of synsedimentary subsidence.
Trenching, in combination with dating techniques, is proposed as a useful methodology to elucidate the origin of depressions
with uncertain diagnosis and to gather practical information with predictive utility about particular sinkholes in alluvial
karst settings: precise location, subsidence mechanisms and magnitude, and timing and rate of the subsidence episodes. 相似文献
10.
Rain-induced debris and mudflow triggering factors assessment in the Santiago cordilleran foothills,Central Chile 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Debris and mudflows are some of the main geological hazards in the mountain foothills of the Chilean capital city of Santiago.
There, the risk of flows triggered in the basins of ravines that drain the range into the city increases with time due to
the city growth. A multivariate statistical study based on the logistic regression method is presented. The model provides
equations that allow the computation of combined meteorological triggering factors associated with a probability of rain-induced
flow occurrence. Daily rainfall, accumulated rainfall and the snowfall level, traditionally considered as the relevant factors,
are analysed for a 25-year period. The results show a strong relevance of the rainfall on the day of the flow event over the
other factors. However, the relatively low probabilities returned for some real flow events suggest that the model does not
capture all the significant variables and the problem is more complex than as it has been traditionally assumed, and further
investigations are needed to develop predictive models of flow triggering. 相似文献