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1.
Water quality is often highly variable both in space and time, which poses challenges for modelling the more extreme concentrations. This study developed an alternative approach to predicting water quality quantiles at individual locations. We focused on river water quality data that were collected over 25 years, at 102 catchments across the State of Victoria, Australia. We analysed and modelled spatial patterns of the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles of the concentrations of sediments, nutrients and salt, with six common constituents: total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), nitrate-nitrite (NOx), and electrical conductivity (EC). To predict the spatial variation of each quantile for each constituent, we developed statistical regression models and exhaustively searched through 50 catchment characteristics to identify the best set of predictors for that quantile. The models predict the spatial variation in individual quantiles of TSS, TKN and EC well (66%–96% spatial variation explained), while those for TP, FRP and NOx have lower performance (37%–73% spatial variation explained). The most common factors that influence the spatial variations of the different constituents and quantiles are: annual temperature, percentage of cropping land area in catchment and channel slope. The statistical models developed can be used to predict how low- and high-concentration quantiles change with landscape characteristics, and thus provide a useful tool for catchment managers to inform planning and policy making with changing climate and land use conditions. 相似文献
2.
In this paper we shall construct the solution of the equation of transfer in a semi-infinite atmosphere with no incident radiation for Rayleigh's phase function by the method of the Principles of Invariance and using the law of diffuse reflection. The solution will then be applied to find the laws of darkening for Rayleigh's phase function. 相似文献
3.
Re-Os Isotopic Measurements at the Femtomole Level in Natural Samples 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Jean Louis Birck Matthieu Roy Barman Françoise Capmas 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1997,21(1):19-27
Here we describe a new chemical separation method for Os and an improved mass spectrometric procedure for Re and Os. This technique is based on the selective extraction of OsO4 from aqueous solution in liquid bromine. Among other advantages, this procedure avoids the cumbersome distillation procedure for Os and uses only commercial "off the shelf" PFA teflon labware. Blank levels for 0.5 g sample sizes are: 0.06 pg and 0.5 pg for Os and Re respectively. Samples containing as little as 1 pg g−1 Os can be analysed reliably with this method. Adaptation to other dissolution methods is also discussed. 相似文献
4.
Abstract The rates of the accumulated and continuous displacement of solifluction lobes in the Kangchenjunga area, eastern Nepal Himalaya, were determined using glass fiber tubes and a strain probe. Ground temperature, precipitation and soil moisture were monitored at two sites, whose altitude differed by approximately 100 m, to understand the solifluction process. The average movement rate of the glass fiber tubes on a 31° slope at altitudes of 5412–5414 m a.s.l. was approximately 11 mm/year, being almost threefold greater than that observed on a 22° slope at 5322–5325 ma.s.l. There was no significant difference in the depth of displacement at these sites. The continuous displacement measurement near the ground surface at 5414 m showed permanent downslope movement from early July. Such movement may be attributed to additional moisture supply during the monsoon season. The amplitude of the displacement cycle was highest at the ground surface, and decreased to virtually zero at and below 20 cm in depth. Probable factors leading to the relatively slow rates of downslope displacement at the surface and depth at the studied altitudes are the lack of concurrence of the freeze–thaw cycles and the high moisture condition in the soil, and the low moisture retention capacity of the soil because of steep slopes and superficial desiccation. The rate of displacement may be more pronounced at altitudes above 5600 m because of the freeze–thaw cycles during the summer season. 相似文献
5.
GeoJournal - Basic urban services refer to the important civic services required for the citizens of urban areas and for the functioning of cities viz., water supply, sanitation, waste management,... 相似文献
6.
D.K. Paul P. Kresten T. Ray Barman R.H. McNutt A.O. Brunfelt 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1984,21(1-2)
Petrographic and geochemical data are given for some basaltic rocks from the Koynaghat, Ambaghat and Panvel sections of the western Deccan volcanic province. This study confirms geochemical features established earlier for the Deccan basalts but brings out minor additional characters. Mineralogical and major-element compositions of the basaltic flows from the Koyna and Panvel sections indicate tholeiitic affinity; the Ambaghat flows exhibit a slight affinity towards alkali basalt. Rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns and trace-element abundances suggest minor fractionation of olivine and plagioclase during the evolution of the flows. The general similarity of chemical and mineralogical features over a wide area and the lack of conspicuous inter-element relationships suggest that the flows reflect the combined effects of partial melting, minor mineral fractionation and selective crustal contamination. 相似文献
7.
J. R. Barnes Travis S. Barman L. Prato D. Segransan H. R. A. Jones C. J. Leigh A. Collier Cameron D. J. Pinfield 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,382(1):473-480
We obtained 238 spectra of the close-orbiting extrasolar giant planet HD 189733b with resolution R ∼ 15 000 during one night of observations with the Near-Infrared High-Resolution Spectrograph (NIRSPEC), at the Keck II Telescope. We have searched for planetary absorption signatures in the 2.0–2.4 μm region where H2 O and CO are expected to be the dominant atmospheric opacities. We employ a phase-dependent orbital model and tomographic techniques to search for the planetary absorption signatures in the combined stellar and planetary spectra. Because potential absorption signatures are hidden in the noise of each single exposure, we use a model list of lines to apply a spectral deconvolution. The resulting mean profile possesses a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) that is 20 times greater than that found in individual lines. Our spectral time series thus yields spectral signatures with a mean S/N = 2720. We are unable to detect a planetary signature at a contrast ratio of log10 ( F p / F * ) =−3.40 , with 63.8 per cent confidence. Our findings are not consistent with model predictions which nevertheless give a good fit to mid-infrared observations of HD 189733b. The 1σ result is a factor of 1.7 times less than the predicted 2.185-μm planet/star flux ratio of log10 ( F p / F * ) ∼−3.16 . 相似文献
8.
Prabhin Sukumaran Dhananjay A. Sant K. Krishnan Govindan Rangarajan 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2012,79(1):41-52
A high resolution quantitative granulometric record for site Uchediya [21°43′2.22″ N, 73° 6′26.22″ E; 10 m a. s. l.] gives
understanding towards accretion history of the late Holocene flood plain in the lower reaches of Narmada River. Two sediment
facies (sandy and muddy) and seven subfacies (sandy subfacies: StMS+FS+CS, SmFS+MS, SlFS+VFS, and StMS + CS; muddy subfacies: FmSILT+VFS+FS, FmSILT+VFS (O) and FmSILT+VFS (T)) are identified based on cluster analysis supplemented with sedimentary structures observed in field and other laboratory
data. Changes in hydrodynamics are further deduced based on various sedimentological parameters and their ratios leading to
arrive at a depositional model. 相似文献
9.
Prabhin Sukumaran C. Rajshekhar Dhananjay A. Sant K. Krishnan 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2012,80(3):403-408
Storms from the Arabian Sea are the most significant meteorological feature in western India that brings extreme rainy days together with catastrophic flooding. The present study reports two such palaeo-storm horizons at 1.16 m and 3.2 m above the present day water level in the Narmada channel, 56 km inland based on sedimentology and foraminiferal records. Both the horizons show similar sediment facies and foraminiferal assemblage. The present findings instigate to look for such new sites and build palaeo-storm records for western India. 相似文献
10.
Dhananjay A. Sant Sudesh K. Wadhawan Rajinder K. Ganjoo Nathani Basavaiah Prabhin Sukumaran Sourabh Bhattacharya 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2011,78(2):147-156
The paraglacial sequence in the Leh valley, Ladakh Himalaya preserves imprints of various processes active during deglaciation
in the late phase of Last Glacial. In present work, a high resolution sedimentological record generated for Spituk is presented
identifying aeolian episodes, mudflow events from Ladakh Range and debris flows extending from Zanskar Range across present
Indus River. Two temporal phases of water ponding within Spituk Sequence are also identified. The seismites recorded at various
stratigraphic depths and their association with the sediment facies signifies gravity induced process besides possible seismic
activity as an added phenomena. Linkage between paraglacial processes since Last Glacial to Recent is tracked and evaluated. 相似文献