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Earthquakes are widely recognized as triggers for turbidites, submarine debris flows and slumps. In tectonically active areas, surprisingly small changes in stress can trigger seismic events, implying that past sea level changes may be important in controlling the timing of seismicity and the occurrence of turbidites. We apply this idea in an analysis of turbidites from the upper Cretaceous–Paleocene Scaglia Rossa Formation of the Umbria‐Marches region of Italy. These turbidites are composed of resedimented foraminiferal tests derived from fluidizing deep‐water (∼1500 m), pelagic sediments; seismic triggering is the most likely triggering mechanism given this setting and composition. The timing of these turbidites (and associated synsedimentary slumps), constrained by biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy, reveals an unusual, non‐random temporal pattern that appears to correlate well with proposed eustatic fluctuations. This correlation between turbidites and eustatic fluctuations leads us to suggest that stress and pore fluid pressure changes associated with changing sea level may trigger periods of increased seismicity in the geological past. 相似文献
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Taniel Danelian Laurence Le Callonnec Jochen Erbacher David C. Mosher Mitchell J. Malone Debora Berti Karen L. Bice Helen Bostock Hans-Jürgen Brumsack Astrid Forster Felix Heidersdorf Jorijntje Henderiks Thomas J. Janecek Christopher Junium Ken MacLeod Philip A. Meyers Jörg H. Mutterlose Hiroshi Nishi Christine Glatz 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(6):609-616
Five sites located on a bathymetric transect of the distal Demerara Rise were studied by ODP Leg 207. Albian sediments of essentially terrigenous nature (clay, siltstone, sandstone) are the oldest drilled stratigraphic levels and form apparently the top of the synrift sequence. They are overlain by Cenomanian to Santonian finely laminated black shales, rich in organic matter of marine origin, which accumulated on a thermally subsiding ramp. Early Campanian hiatuses are thought to be the result of final disjunction of Demerara Rise (South America) from Africa and the onset of deep water communication between the two Atlantic basins (south and central). The overlying Uppermost Cretaceous–Oligocene chalk includes rich and diversified calcareous plankton assemblages, as well as two radiolarian-rich intervals (Late Campanian and Middle Eocene). A complex erosional surface developed during the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene. Sedimentation was impeded since then on the intermediate and deep sites of Demerara Rise, possibly due to the action of deep submarine currents. To cite this article: T. Danelian et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献
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Sakurajima volcano: a physico-chemical study of the health consequences of long-term exposure to volcanic ash 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
S. E. Hillman C. J. Horwell A. L. Densmore D. E. Damby B. Fubini Y. Ishimine M. Tomatis 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(4):913-930
Regular eruptions from Sakurajima volcano, Japan, repeatedly cover local urban areas with volcanic ash. The frequency of exposure
of local populations to the ash led to substantial concerns about possible respiratory health hazards, resulting in many epidemiological
and toxicological studies being carried out in the 1980s. However, very few mineralogical data were available for determination
of whether the ash was sufficiently fine to present a respiratory hazard. In this study, we review the existing studies and
carry out mineralogical, geochemical and toxicological analyses to address whether the ash from Sakurajima has the potential
to cause respiratory health problems. The results show that the amount of respirable (<4 μm) material produced by the volcano
is highly variable in different eruptions (1.1–18.8 vol.%). The finest samples derive from historical, plinian eruptions but
considerable amounts of respirable material were also produced from the most recent vulcanian eruptive phase (since 1955).
The amount of cristobalite, a crystalline silica polymorph which has the potential to cause chronic respiratory diseases,
is ~3–5 wt.% in the bulk ash. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope imaging showed no fibrous
particles similar to asbestos particles. Surface reactivity tests showed that the ash did not produce significant amounts
of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (0.09–1.35 μmol m−2 at 30 min.) in comparison to other volcanic ash types. A basic toxicology assay to assess the ability of ash to rupture the
membrane of red blood cells showed low propensity for haemolysis. The findings suggest that the potential health hazard of
the ash is low, but exposure and respiratory conditions should still be monitored given the high frequency and durations of
exposure. 相似文献
4.
Jennifer S. Le Blond Claire J. Horwell Peter J. Baxter Sabina A. K. Michnowicz Maura Tomatis Bice Fubini Pierre Delmelle Christina Dunster Herman Patia 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(9):1077-1092
The continuous ash and gas emissions from the Tavurvur cone in Rabaul caldera, Papua New Guinea, during 2007–08, raised concerns
regarding how exposure would affect the respiratory health of nearby populations and impact on the environment. As part of
a formal evaluation of the effects of volcanic emissions on public health, we investigated the potential health hazard of
the ash using a suite of selected mineralogical analyses and in vitro toxicity screening tests. The trachy-andesitic ash comprised 2.1–6.7 vol.% respirable (sub-4 μm diameter) particles. The crystalline silica content was 1.9–5.0 wt.% cristobalite (in the bulk sample) with trace amounts
of quartz and/or tridymite. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the ash particles were angular with sparse, fibre-like particles (∼3–60 μm max. diameter) observed in some samples, which we confirmed to be CaSO4 (gypsum, at <6 wt.% in the bulk samples) and not asbestiform fibres. The ash specific surface area was low (0.1–2.7 m2 g−1). The leached solution from one of the ash samples was slightly acidic (pH 5.6), but did not contain high levels of toxic
metals (such as F, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, Ni and Cd) when compared to previously tested volcanic ash leachates. Ash samples generated
potentially-harmful hydroxyl radicals through an iron-mediated catalytic reaction, in the range of 0.15–2.47 μmol m−2 (after 30 min of reaction). However, measurement of particle oxidative capacity (potential oxidative stress reaction using
ascorbic acid) and silica-like injury to red blood cells (erythrolysis assay, i.e. measurement of cell death) nevertheless revealed low biological reactivity.
The findings suggest that acute exposure to the ash would have a limited potential to exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as asthma or chronic bronchitis, and the potential for chronic exposure leading to silicosis was
low. 相似文献
5.
Carrick M Eggleston Andrew G Stack Kevin M Rosso Angela M Bice 《Geochemical transactions》2004,5(2):33
The reactivity of a mineral surface is determined by the variety and population of different types of surface sites (e.g.,
step, kink, adatom, and defect sites). The concept of "adsorbed nutrient" has been built into crystal growth theories, and
many other studies of mineral surface reactivity appeal to ill-defined "active sites." Despite their theoretical importance,
there has been little direct experimental or analytical investigation of the structure and properties of such species. Here,
we use ex-situ and in-situ scanning tunneling microcopy (STM) combined with calculated images based on a resonant tunneling model to show that observed
nonperiodic protrusions and depressions on the hematite (001) surface can be explained as Fe in an adsorbed or adatom state
occupying sites different from those that result from simple termination of the bulk mineral. The number of such sites varies
with sample preparation history, consistent with their removal from the surface in low pH solutions. 相似文献
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