Evolution model and formation mechanism of bio-thermocatalytic transitional zone gas

As a new genetic type of natural gas exploration area, the bio-thermocatalytic transitional zone gas (BTTZG) has been highly stressed by geologists both at home and abroad. Systematic study on the generation mechanism of hydrocarbon at the transitional zone is presented. Based on simulating experiments and geochemistry analysis of the source rock with lower evolution, a hydrocarbon-forming model at the transitional zone has been established. The mechanism is proposed that under the condition of low temperature and pressure combining with extremely active structural stress and clay mineral catalysis, BTTZG is formed by de-group of soluble organic matter and polarized compositions through orthocarbon ion as well as by condensation polymerization of aromatic ring-rich insoluble organic matter. This mechanism controls the formation of BTTZG, and furthermore, BTTZG is the product of superimposition and interaction of all the factors mentioned above.     

Spatial and temporal variations of albedo on nine glaciers in western China from 2000 to 2011

This research demonstrates the spatiotemporal variations of albedo on nine glaciers in western China during 2000–2011, by the albedo derived from two types of datasets: Landsat TM/ETM + images and MOD10A1 product. Then, the influence factors of glacier albedo and its relationship with glacier mass balance are also analyzed by the correlation approach, which is frequently used in geostatistics. The paper finds that there are different spatiotemporal variations over the glaciers in western China: (1) For a single glacier, the albedo varies gently with altitude on its tongue and increases fast in the middle part, while in the accumulation zones, the albedo value appears in the form of fluctuation. This could provide a quantitative method to retrieve the snowline by determining the threshold albedo value of snowpack and bare ice. (2) For the glaciers in western China, the albedo decreases with distance to the center of Tibetan Plateau (TP). This may relate to the elevation of glacier, for the speed of glacier retreat highly depends on air temperature. (3) In the summer period, albedo on most glaciers declines over the last 12 years, and it decreases much faster in southeastern TP than other regions, for which air temperature overwhelms the black carbon concentration. In addition, the trend of glacier albedo in summer is greatly correlated with that of measured glacier mass balance, which implies that the long‐term albedo datasets by remote sensing technology could be used to monitor and predict the change of glacier mass balance in the future. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国降水观测误差分析及其修正

在1980s 乌鲁木齐河流域进行的降水误差观测试验结果基础上, 依据我国726 个气象站1951~2004 年逐日观测资料, 对降水的动力损失、微量降水以及湿润损失进行系统的修正, 以期获得更准确的长系列降水资料, 为区域乃至全球水热循环过程和水文学研究提供基础资料。修正结果表明, 在大部分地区由风速作用引起的动力损失是主要的误差来源, 但在降水较少的地区湿润和微量降水观测损失也起着重要作用, 全国726 个台站年降水修正量在8~740 mm 之间, 平均约125 mm, 相应的修正幅度在5%~72%, 平均约18%。从时间看, 冬季修正系数大于夏季, 但冬季修正量小于夏季; 从空间分布看, 西北地区年修正量一般小于50 mm, 东南地区大于100 mm, 总修正系数由西北向东南地区减少, 其中西北地区大于30%, 而西南地区小于20%, 这一修正系数高于全球的11%左右的平均修正量。     

基于GIS的承德乡村地名文化景观空间分布特征

将承德地区乡村地名作为离散点,以GIS中移动搜索法的点距离空间平滑分析法为支撑,从地理区域这一角度分析地名文化景观空间分布特征。研究发现：承德地区自然类景观,以“山”、“水文”、“动植物”命名的地名分布主要位于中低海拔高度的平坦地区;承德地区乡村地名文化景观划分为军事活动类、经济活动类、房屋建筑类、美愿与纪念类、满蒙少数民族语言及方言类,其空间分布特征与当地历史时期的军事、生产生活、社会变迁的相对频繁程度以及人口稠密情况基本上相符合。     

Fractural structure of thick hard roof stratum using long beam theory and numerical modeling

The thick hard rock (THR) roof of the long-wall mining face is prone to the large-sized cantilever roof, and its sudden fracture will cause serious rock dynamic disasters, such as coal and gas outburst and rockburst. In this study, based on the long beam theory, the initial fracture mechanical model for THR was established, and the first weighting characteristics and extreme fracture step distance were calculated. This study introduced a new technology called deep-hole pre-splitting blasting (DPB) which could break the THR by drilling holes with different depths and angles at different levels of roof rock and then blasting it. Field measurement analysis indicated that the immediate roof and lower thick hard strata were fully collapsed to fill the goaf, and the upper thick hard stratum was effectively cut off. The results showed that mechanical model and drilling holes method and DPB technique were so notably that would lead to a foundation for large-scale popularization and application in a Chinese Mine.     

Response of hydrological cycle to recent climate changes in the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) surfaces have been experiencing an overall rapid warming and wetting while wind speed and solar radiation have been declining in the last three decades. This study investigated how climate changes influenced the hydrological cycle on the TP during 1984??2006. To facilitate the analysis, a land surface model was used to simulate surface water budget at all CMA (China Meteorological Administration) stations on the TP. The simulated results were first validated against observed ground temperature and observation-derived heat flux on the western TP and observed discharge trends on the eastern TP. The response of evaporation and runoff to the climate changes was then analyzed. Major finding are as follows. (1) Surface water balance has been changed in recent decades. Observed precipitation shows insignificant increasing trends in central TP and decreasing trends along the TP periphery while evaporation shows overall increasing trends, leading to decreased discharge at major TP water resource areas (semi-humid and humid zones in the eastern and southern TP). (2) At the annual scale, evaporation is water-limited in dry areas and energy-limited (radiation and air temperature) in wet areas; these constraints can be interpreted by the Budyko-curve. Evaporation in autumns and winters was strongly controlled by soil water storage in summers, weakening the dependence of evaporation on precipitation at seasonal scales. (3) There is a complementary effect between the simulated actual evaporation and potential evaporation, but this complementary relationship may deviate from Bouchet??s hypothesis when vapor pressure deficit (or air temperature) is too low, which suppresses the power of vapor transfer.     

Characteristics of winter mass balance of Glacier No.1 at the headwaters of the Urumqi River,Tianshan Mountains

This study analyzes the response of glacier to climate change during the past 49 years in Urumqi River source region, the Tianshan Mountains of China. The temporal and spatial variations of winter mass balance (bn-w) at different time scales were analyzed to identify their response to climate change during 1988–2006 (The observation of winter mass balance observation began in 1988) on the Glacier No.1 at the headwaters of the Urumqi River, Tianshan Mountains, China. The winter accumulation shows a significantly decreasing trend. The results show that the cumulative values on Glacier No.1 is 2,202 mm water equivalent during 1988–2006 and the mean values is 116 mm a⁻¹. Furthermore, the trend analysis of the winter mass balance indicates a rapid decrease since 1990, and the mean mass balance is only 79 mm a⁻¹ during 1997–2006. Winter mass balance correlates well negatively with the total evaporation from September to April (r = −0.68, α = 0.01), and positively with the total precipitation from September to April (r = 0.74, α = 0.01). However, winter mass balance shows a weak correlation with mean minimum air temperature during September to April (r = −0.35), and runoff on September (r = −0.13).     

煤层甲烷在煤孔隙中扩散的微观机理

分析了煤层甲烷在煤体中的扩散模式和微观机理,得出在煤体中存在有以下几种扩散模式:菲克型扩散、诺森扩散、过渡型扩散、表面扩散和晶体扩散,并分析了抽放时甲烷在煤层中的运移过程及其在煤微孔隙中的扩散过程。根据分子运动论从微观上讨论了压强和温度对甲烷分子平均自由程的影响规律,并解释了升高压强和温度增强甲烷气体在煤层微孔隙中扩散能力的机理。      

我国寒区径流对气候变暖的响应

文章总结了近期我国冰冻圈变化对水文过程影响研究的主要成果。研究表明,过去50年全球变暖已经对我国主要寒区河流径流产生了影响。实测资料和模拟结果均表明气候变暖导致冰川径流的显著增加,但未来气候变暖导致的冰川径流峰值大小和出现时间取决于冰川规模和升温速率。同时冰川融化加剧已经导致青藏高原冰川补给湖泊面积扩大、水位上升,随着气温的变暖,冰川减薄后退、冰川融水增多、冰湖库容增加,结果是洪水总量在不断增大,洪水频率也在不断增加; 气候变暖已经导致融雪径流过程提前,改变了径流的年内分配; 冻土退化使径流年内过程趋于平缓,主要是由于随着冻土退化,冻土的隔水作用减小,一方面使冻土区地表径流减少,有更多的地表水入渗变成地下水,使流域地下水水库的储水量加大,导致冬季径流增加;另一方面,入渗区域的加大和活动层的加厚,使流域地下水库库容增加,使流域退水过程更为缓慢。     

竖向地震下双塔连体建筑的分析和设计

首先输入多条实际竖向地震记录,用时程分析考察了塔楼高度和连体跨度不同的多个算例。然后将其抽象成塔楼和连体桁架组成的双自由度体系,运用频域分析方法,得到竖向地震作用的变化规律：11随着桁架对塔楼频率比增加,连体地震放大作用越明显;2）当连体对塔楼质量比较小且两者频率比相近1,连体地震反应进一步加强。现行抗震规范的重力系数法提出的大跨度结构竖向地震的实用计算公式对于本文研究结构并不完全适用。提出考虑塔楼和桁架协同地震作用的实用算式,并对一个超高层工程实例进行竖向地震作用分析,与时程分析结果吻合较好。