The interannual fluctuations of rainfall and temper-ature over China and their correlation with El Nino

The analyses of power spectra and correlation coefficients have shown that there exists a distinct quasi-3.5 -year periodicity in the fluctuations of rainfall and temperature over most parts of China, which is closely related to the oscillation of sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific. The structures of correlations between El Nino and precipitation and temperature fields are concretely described, and the causes for some striking responses are also explored.     

Diel vertical migration of mesozooplankton in the northern Yellow Sea

The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), one of the most vital hydrological features of the Yellow Sea, causes a seasonal thermocline from spring to autumn. The ...     

ON THE MECHANISM OF TELECONNECTIONS BETWEEN EL NINO AND EAST ASIAN ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

Based on the linear planetary wave theory and observed data,the teleconnections between El Nino andatmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere(NH)are studied.It is shown that the zonal groupvelocity for stationary Rossby waves in the atmosphere is always positive.Thus,the energy of thesedisturbances can not propagate westward.In certain conditions,however,the westward propagation ofnonstationary waves is possible.Going further into this question,we prove that the low-frequency distur-bances over the eastern equatorial Pacific,which are closely related to the large-scale air-sea interactionin low-latitudes,can influence the extratropical atmospheric circulation in the NH along two typical energypaths;i.e.,the waves with wavenumber one(n=1)propagate through the western North Pacific into EastAsia and form the“East Asian Path”,which plays an important part in the teleconnections between ElNino and atmospheric anomalies over East Asia,besides,the waves with n≥2 propagate along the“PNAPath”into the middle and eastern North Pacific as well as North America,leading to the relevant atmos-pheric anomalies to be excited over there.     

Studies on the plankton and sediment diatoms in Xuanwu Lake,Nanjing, China

The sediment diatom data based on a 16 cm long sediment core removed from near the center of the lake indicated that nutrient pollution tolerant diatoms have replaced pollution intolerant taxa which were common near the base of the core (about 35 years before present). These observations support the hypothesis that there is progressive eutrophication in Xuanwu Lake. This conclusion is corroborated by direct comparisons of the present day phytoplankton and zooplankton species composition within the lake and published accounts of its species composition during the mid 1970s.     

Effects of rainfall on oil droplet size and the dispersion of spilled oil with application to Douglas Channel,British Columbia,Canada

Raindrops falling on the sea surface produce turbulence. The present study examined the influence of rain-induced turbulence on oil droplet size and dispersion of oil spills in Douglas Channel in British Columbia, Canada using hourly atmospheric data in 2011–2013. We examined three types of oils: a light oil (Cold Lake Diluent - CLD), and two heavy oils (Cold Lake Blend - CLB and Access Western Blend - AWB). We found that the turbulent energy dissipation rate produced by rainfalls is comparable to what is produced by wind-induced wave breaking in our study area. With the use of chemical dispersants, our results indicate that a heavy rainfall (rain rate > 20 mm h^? 1) can produce the maximum droplet size of 300 μm for light oil and 1000 μm for heavy oils, and it can disperse the light oil with fraction of 22–45% and the heavy oils of 8–13%, respectively. Heavy rainfalls could be a factor for the fate of oil spills in Douglas Channel, especially for a spill of light oil and the use of chemical dispersants.     

颅颌面外科与三维重建技术

目的 探讨电子束ＣＴ三维重建技术在颅颌面外科的适应症和应用价值。方法 采用美国Ｉｍａｔｒｏｎ公司的电子束ＣＴ（ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎ ｂｅａｍ ＣＴ,以下简称ＥＢＣＴ）Ｃ－１５０,对７６例严重颅颌面病人实行薄层ＣＴ容积扫描。将所获ＣＴ 象经数字接口传至加拿大ＩＳＧ公司生产的Ａｌｌｅｇｒｏ工作站进行三维重建。结果 ＥＢＣＴ成像技术能立体的、详尽和精确的显示机体组织三维解剖结构极其相互关系。其再现畸形或病体     

盐湖资源开发利用工程化研究之浅见

盐湖资源的开发利用 ,工程化研究是重要环节。该文从工程化研究的含义入手 ,就熟悉的工作举例总结和分析了以往工程化研究的概况 ,并再次提出了组建国家盐湖资源工程技术研究中心的建议。     

On anomalous meridional circulations and Eliassen-Palm flux divergences in an idealized model of dissipating, non-breaking Rossby waves

Even in idealized models of steady, dissipating, non-breaking Rossby waves at small wave amplitude, and even in the absence of barotropic and baroclinic shear instabilities, there can be an anomalous Eliassen-Palm flux divergence in the sense that the divergence is positive when the background potential-vorticity gradient is also positive, implying upgradient eddy potential-vorticity transport. The phenomenon is illustrated in the simplest possible case of dissipation by Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling, and is shown by a more general argument not to be restricted to that case. The physical reason is that infrared radiative damping can act anti-dissipatively on potential-vorticity anomalies whenever the vertical disturbance structure is diffractive or evanescent, as with most real stratospheric synoptic and sub-synoptic-scale disturbances forced from below. Associated with this phenomenon are anomalous (eastward) phase tilts with height, and equatorward transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) meridional velocities. It is pointed out that the latter is a clearcut example of a TEM circulation whose sense is opposite to that of the generalized Lagrangian-mean circulation (and the effective transport circulation in the sense of Plumb and Mahlman) induced by the same steady, small-amplitude disturbance.     

Mid-Mountain Clouds at Whistler During the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics

A comprehensive study of mid-mountain clouds and their impacts on the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics is presented. Mid-mountain clouds were frequently present on the Whistler alpine venue, as identified in an extensive archive of webcam images over a 45-day period from February 5 to March 21, 2010. These clouds posed serious forecast challenges and had significant impacts on some Olympic and Paralympic alpine skiing competitions. Under fair weather conditions, a diurnal upslope (anabatic) flow can work in concert with a diurnal temperature inversion aloft to produce a localized phenomenon known as “Harvey’s Cloud” at Whistler. Two detailed case studies in this paper suggest that mid-mountain clouds can also develop in the area as a result of a moist valley flow interacting with a downslope flow descending from the mountaintop. A southerly inflow through the Sea-to-Sky corridor can be channeled by the local topography into a westerly upslope flow toward Whistler Mountain, resulting in orographic clouds on the alpine venue. Under favorable circumstances, these clouds are trapped to the mid-mountain zone by the leeward subsidence of an elevated southerly flow. The presence of the downslope subsidence was manifested by a distinguished dry layer observed on the top of the mid-mountain clouds in both cases. It is the subsidence-induced adiabatic warming that imposes a strong buoyant suppression to trap the mid-mountain cloud. On the other hand, the subsidence-induced dry layer has the potential to trigger evaporative instability to periodically breakup the mid-mountain cloud.     

Recent Strengthening of the Regional Hadley Circulation over the Western Pacific during Boreal Spring

Previous studies suggested that there are large discrepancies in the intensity trend of the zonally averaged Hadley circulation (ZAHC) among different reanalyses. As the land, ocean, and topography are not evenly distributed, the ZAHC may mask the regional variability. Changes in the regional HC have important implications for regional climate change. Here, we detect the long-term trend of the boreal spring regional Hadley circulation intensity over the western Pacific (WPHC) since 1979 in both hemispheres using six reanalysis datasets. Unlike the ZAHC, we find that the trend of the spring WPHC intensity is consistent among various reanalysis datasets. All reanalyses show pronounced strengthening trends for the WPHC in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, which may be partly attributable to the robust warming trends of sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific. The result could improve our understanding of Hadley circulation variability at the regional scale and has implications for regional climate changes.