Approach to Mountain Hazards in Tibet, China

Tibet is located at the southwest boundary of China. It is the main body of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the highest and the youngest plateau in the world. Owing to complicated geology, Neo-tectonic movements, geomorphology, climate and plateau environment, various mountain hazards, such as debris flow, flash flood, landslide, collapse, snow avalanche and snow drifts, are widely distributed along the Jinsha River (the upper reaches of the Yangtze River), the Nu River and the Lancang River in the east, and the Yarlungzangbo River, the Pumqu River and the Poiqu River in the south and southeast of Tibet. The distribution area of mountain hazards in Tibet is about 589,000 km^2, 49.3% of its total territory. In comparison to other mountain regions in China, mountain hazards in Tibet break out unexpectedly with tremendously large scale and endanger the traffic lines, cities and towns, farmland, grassland, mountain environment, and make more dangers to the neighboring countries, such as Nepal, India, Myanmar and Bhutan. To mitigate mountain hazards, some suggestions are proposed in this paper, such as strengthening scientific research, enhancing joint studies, hazards mitigation planning, hazards warning and forecasting, controlling the most disastrous hazards and forbidding unreasonable human exploring activities in mountain areas.     

Matlab遗传算法工具GUI率定马斯京根模型参数

本文针对传统及改进马斯京根洪水演算模型,利用简单易行的Matlab遗传算法工具(gatool)GUI进行模型参数最优估计,获得不同优化准则下的模型参数,并进行检验.结果表明用Matlab遗传算法工具GUI优选改进后的马斯京根模型参数,收敛能力强、计算时间短、所得演算流量更接近实际.     

东太平洋柱状沉积物的古气候和古环境记录

太平洋深海盆地的远洋沉积物在物质组成和来源上远较大陆边缘简单.由于远离大陆,又有海沟与周边大陆分隔,太平洋深海沉积物中通常不包含由河流水系搬运而来的悬浮物,因此从深海沉积物中提取古气候、古环境信息可以避免诸多地质因素相互叠加和干扰[1].深海远洋沉积物中的主要组分是风成陆源碎屑(包括火山碎屑)和来自上层海水的生源组分(降落到洋底的生物壳体)以及由海解作用形成的自生矿物[2],其中陆源碎屑的相对含量、粒度及矿物成分可以反映大气环流的强度及物源区的气候环境[1],生源组分的组成、相对含量和丰度以及种属含量变化则与表层海水的生产力和溶解作用有关.     

High Precision Geoid Models HKGEOID-2000 for Hong Kong and SZGEOID-2000 for Shenzhen, China

High precision geoid models HKGEOID-2000 for Hong Kong and SZGEOID-2000 for Shenzhen, China, have been developed with a hybrid approach of so-called sequential processing, using high precision GPS/leveling data, land and sea gravity anomalies, and digital terrain models. These two local geoid models have the same 1-km resolution. The estimated accuracy (external accuracy) is better than 1.7 cm for HKGEOID-2000 and 1.4 cm for SZGEOID-2000. Some common areas are covered by HKGEOID-2000 and SZGEOID-2000. So these two geoid models, along with high quality GPS/leveling data collected on the overlapping areas, can be used to detect the systematic bias between HKGEOID-2000 and SZGEOID-2000, as well as the difference between Hong Kong Principal Datum and 1956 yellow sea height datum of China, yielding RMS errors of 1.011 m and 1,003 m, respectively. Moreover, HKGEOID-2000, along with GPS ellipsoidal heights, is employed to determine the errors of the “orthometric heights” from purely trigonometric heighting, yielding an RMS error of 0.102 m. The combination of SZGEOID-2000 and GPS ellipsoidal heights has been used to replace the traditional spirit leveling and mapping, called GPS mapping.     

南海晚第四纪浮游有孔虫类群变化所表征的古海洋学特征

通过对南海4个岩心的74个样品进行Q型因子分析,求得4个浮游有孔虫组合:亚热带-热带组合,温凉组合,热带易溶组合和亚热带组合。亚热带-热带组合为优势组合,它的发育状况反映了晚第四纪西太平洋热带海水对南海的影响程度,其因子载荷作为古海流特征的参数。温凉组合的发育与南海存在冷涡有关。利用转换函数FP-12E计算了南海南部表层古水温,冰期与间冰期的表层水温平均变化冬季为4.7℃和2.9℃,夏季为3.0℃和2.1℃,季节性温差冰期最大可达8.6℃,间冰期最大可达5.0℃,均比太平洋同一纬度海区的大。冬季表层古水温波动比夏季的大。全新世的表层水温呈上升趋势,但在NS86-43柱中有一变冷现象,这可能和the younger Younger Dryas有关。     

Study on Recovering the Earth＇s Potential Field Based on GOCE Gradiometry

Given the second radial derivative Vrr（P） ｜δs of the Earth＇s gravitational potential V（P） on the surface δS corresponding to the satellite altitude, by using the fictitious compress recovery method, a fictitious regular harmonic field rrVrr（P）^＊ and a fictitious second radial gradient field V：（P） in the domain outside an inner sphere Ki can be determined, which coincides with the real field V（P） in the domain outside the Earth. Vrr^＊（P）could be further expressed as a uniformly convergent expansion series in the domain outside the inner sphere, because rrV（P）^＊ could be expressed as a uniformly convergent spherical harmonic expansion series due to its regularity and harmony in that domain. In another aspect, the fictitious field V^＊（P） defined in the domain outside the inner sphere, which coincides with the real field V（P） in the domain outside the Earth, could be also expressed as a spherical harmonic expansion series. Then, the harmonic coefficients contained in the series expressing V^＊（P） can be determined, and consequently the real field V（P） is recovered. Preliminary simulation calculations show that the second radial gradient field Vrr（P） could be recovered based only on the second radial derivative V（P）｜δs given on the satellite boundary. Concerning the final recovery of the potential field V（P） based only on the boundary value Vrr （P）｜δs, the simulation tests are still in process.     

Spectral Representation Precision Based on the and Analysis of the KBR Earth Gravity Spectrum

Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking in low-low model （SST-Ⅱ） is a new technique to resolve the series of problems met in the determination of the earth＇s gravity field. As the key technique of SST-Ⅱ, KBR can get SST-Ⅱ measurements directly. So the KBR performance analysis is the first step in SST-Ⅱ design. In this paper, assuming that the satellite pairs of SST-Ⅱ are in near circle polar orbits, the spectrum relationship between the earth gravity field and KBR is established using analytic method. And then some examples are analyzed, the suggestions and conclusions are drawn from these examples. The research results could be taken as a reference for future satellite gravity project of China.     

末次冰期东亚季风气候的变迁：贵州都匀七星洞石笋的δ18O记录

通过对贵州都匀七星洞4根石笋系统的31件TIMS U系及543件稳定同位素分析，揭示出其气候变化记录时限范围为1．1～8．5万a，相当于海洋同位素阶段的MIS2，MIS3，MIS4及MIS5a。根据δ^18O的变化可以准确确定它们之间的界线，其年龄值为：MISl／MIS2 11．3kaB．P．，MIS2／MIS3 28．7kaB．P．，MIS3／MIS4 59．6kaB．P．，MIS4／MIS5a 78．5kaB．P．。研究表明，末次冰期相当于格陵兰冰芯记录、北大西洋沉积记录的YD、Heinrich事件等的气候跃变事件，几根石笋取得了非常一致的准确定位及定年。其中YD事件发生于12．76～11．52kaB．P．，Heinrich事件的H1～H6分别为15～17kaB．P．，24．6kaB．P．，30．5kaB．P．，39．3kaB．P．，46．8～47．8kaB．P．以及60．4kaB．P．。在MIS4阶段，石笋记录于66．4kaB．P．及73．8kaB．P．揭示了两次冷事件，也可于格陵兰冰芯记录中找到相对应的冷谷。通过与GISP2的对比研究，表明东亚季风气候的百年至千年尺度的气候演变，与北大西洋及格陵兰高纬度地区的气候变化具有非常协调的对应关系。它对研究季风气候的动力机制及其与全球变化的响应关系具有特别重要的意义。     

观测有效性的度量方法

基于Hilbert空间理论 ,通过对观测方程的系数阵实施格拉姆_施密特 (Gram_Schmidt,G_S)正交化过程 ,分析观测的两个特性 ,从一个新的角度论证了参数估计的必要观测问题 ,以及多余观测与必要观测的关系 ;用欧氏范数‖·‖2 和Frobenius‖·‖ F 范数作为基本度量工具对观测提供参数估计的信息量进行度量分析 ,研究观测的有效性和参数估计的可靠性。采用观测空间分析方法研究了测绘学科中必要观测、多余观测等基本概念 ;提出了观测信息量、观测有效性的概念和相应的度量方法 ;从观测的空间结构出发分析参数估计系统的可靠性 ,从一个侧面扩展和丰富了测绘学中的可靠性理论 ;丰富了研究测绘学中一些基本问题的分析方法 ,也为信息学中的数据挖掘问题提供了一种分析思路     

高分辨率厘米级局部大地水准面的典型应用

介绍了香港大地水准面HKGEOID_2 0 0 0和深圳市高分辨率、高精度似大地水准面SZGEOID_2 0 0 0。利用HKGEOID_2 0 0 0和GPS椭球高求得的正常高与香港地区由三角高程测量得到的“正常高 (或本地高 )”进行比较 ,结果表明 ,其差值的均方根为 0 .1 0 2m ,标准差 (STD)为± 3 .4cm。结合HKGEOID_2 0 0 0、SZGEOID_2 0 0 0和这两个大地水准面模型重复覆盖地区的高精度GPS水准数据 ,探测这两个大地水准面模型之间的差异和香港主要高程基准面 (HKPD)与我国 1 95 6黄海高程基准面之间的系统偏差。