城市热岛效应监测方法研究进展

城市热岛效应是一种由于城市建筑及人们活动导致的热量在城区空间范围内聚集的现象,是城市气候最明显的特征之一.由于城市热岛影响因素以及相互关系的复杂性,为了精确细致地描述其时空分布,人们采用了多种方法来研究城市热岛现象,主要归纳为：气象站法、定点观测法、运动样带法、遥感测定法以及模拟预测等.最后,认为各种测定方法都存在一定的缺陷,建议多种测定方法综合运用.     

土壤干湿交替促进硒酸盐的还原作用

采集不同类型的新鲜土壤，经处理获得其风干、烘干的样品，重新潮湿后，加入一定量的Na2SeO4溶液，进行了培育实验（incubationexperiments）。实验结果表明，随着土壤干燥程度的增加，硒酸盐还原作用的速度也随之加快。这进一步证实，作为一种地球化学营力的土壤干湿交替，通过对土壤水势（soilwaterpotential）、微生物群落等的影响，间接地促进了硒酸盐还原作用，因而成为硒生物地球化学循环的驱动力之一。     

Wetland economic valuation approaches and prospects in China

Ecosystem services valuation seeks to increase the social relevance of ecosystem characteristics, the underlying biological mechanisms that support services, by making the contribution of ecosystems to human well-being explicit. Economic valuation can help management by clarifying the full range of benefits and costs of proposed management actions. In the past two decades, economic valuation of wetland ecosystem services has become one of the most significant scientific priorities for wetland protection. In this paper, we provide an overview of ecosystem services, and summarize the main interdisciplinary approaches to measure and value wetland ecosystem services. We identified four main methodological gaps preventing progress on wetland valuation of ecosystem services in China, which are: 1) confusion on terminology like intermediate and final ecosystem services, 2) lack of ecological production functions to link ecosystem characteristics to final ecosystem services, 3) static valuation making it difficult to evaluate the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services, and 4) lack of clear guidance on relating ecological compensation programs to conservation targets. Overcoming these gaps is important to inform wetland compensation mechanisms and conservation policies. We propose future research on wetland ecosystem services in China should be focused on: 1) defining final ecosystem services based on beneficiary preferences and underlying biophysical mechanisms, 2) establishing wetland monitoring programs at specific sites to collect data on final ecosystem service indicators and ecosystem characteristic metrics to create ecological production functions for economic valuation and rescaling techniques, and 3) incorporating wetland ecosystem service values into decision-making processes to inform wetland management.     

南海芋螺科一新记录种(软体动物门, 腹足纲, 新腹足目)

在对中国科学院南海海洋生物标本馆馆藏芋螺科 Conidae 标本, 以及近年来在南海补充采集的标本进行整理的过程中, 通过形态分类学方法鉴定发现隶属于芋螺属 Conus 的中国海新记录种1种: 锈色芋螺 Conus ferrugineus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792, 标本采自西沙群岛。文章描述了该种的外部形态, 查明了其生活习性和地理分布特点, 并与相似种犊纹芋螺 Conus vitulinus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 进行了比较, 通过壳口内面前沟部位的颜色可将两者区分开: 锈色芋螺呈白色, 而犊纹芋螺呈紫 (褐) 色; 同时对这两个相似种的其他区别特征进行了总结。     

南海蜑螺科一新记录属和一新记录种记述 (软体动物门:腹足纲:珍珠蜑螺目)

作者在整理中国科学院海洋生物标本馆馆藏蜑螺科Neritidae标本时,鉴定出产自海南三亚的一新记录属饰纹蜑螺属Vittina Baker,1924和一新记录种：裂蜑螺Vittina pennata（von Born,1778）。文中详细描述了本种的贝壳形态特征,查明了其生活习性和地理分布特点,并与相似种进行了比较和总结。     

The rule of release of carbon and heavy metals during weathering of rocks—A preliminary study

Release of carbon from rocks during their weathering is closely linked to its global circulation. The contents and chemical forms of inorganic carbon in limestone, mudstone, granite and basalt as well as in their weathering and pedogenic products have been examined. The results show that a geochemical process of carbon release from the rocks in the early stage of weathering is followed by its accumulation in the subsequent weathering products. The environmental geochemical behavior of some heavy metals related to inorganic carbon release and its accumulation are also studied in this paper. Experimental results show that the capacity of manganese to associate with carbonates increases with increasing concentrations of the latter, but the behavior of copper is opposite to that of manganese. Translated by Chen Mingzhong, Chengdu Library, Academia Sinica.     

"2004.6"湘西北低空急流暴雨的中尺度分析

利用常规观测,T213、雷达和MM5中尺度模式输出资料对2004年6月23-24日湘西北地区的暴雨和大暴雨进行了天气动力学和中尺度分析.结果表明这场暴雨是在有利的天气背景条件下产生的,造成强降水的雨团在时空尺度上具有中尺度系统的特征,中尺度辐合线和低空急流为降水发生提供了有利的触发条件.     

河北风化店中生代火山岩的地球化学特征及其成因探讨

河北风化店中生代火山岩主要为钙碱性到偏碱性的流纹英安岩－流纹岩－碱流岩及少量碱性粗面岩和石英粗面岩。岩石全碱含量高,平均９．２５％,大部分岩石的Ｋ２Ｏ／Ｎａ２Ｏ＞１,Ｆｅ２Ｏ３／ＦｅＯ比值大,ＴｉＯ２含量低,以富集大离子亲石元素（ＬＩＬＥ）和贫高场强元素（ＨＦＳＥ）及贫亲铁元素为特征。稀土元素配分型式表现为轻稀土富集并具Ｅｕ弱负异常。（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）初始比和（１４３Ｎｄ／１４４Ｎｄ）初始比分别为０．７０５４和０．５１１５,εＮｄ（ｔ）为－１８．２。所有这些特征均表明该区火山岩的物源来自地壳硅铝层的重熔并有消减带物质及幔源物质的加入。该火山岩形成于中生代时期中国东部活动大陆边缘挤压作用向引张作用转变前的挤压应力环境,是较成熟火山孤后拉张前的产物。     

顾及灰度和梯度信息的多模态影像配准算法

基于特征匹配的多模态影像配准方法无法达到像素级配准精度要求。本文研究了一种顾及灰度和梯度信息的多模态影像配准算法。基于马尔科夫随机场（MRF）的非参数化配准模型充分利用多模态影像的图像信息进行相似性测量,同时考虑了灰度及梯度统计信息,求解方法上对值空间进行离散化,提高收敛速度。通过3组多模态影像的配准试验,验证了该算法的可行性。试验表明：本文算法的配准效果优于基于人工刺点的多项式模型配准和只考虑灰度信息的多模态影像配准;与此同时,该算法对于较大形变的影像配准也具有一定的适用性。在空间精度方面,平均配准误差小于1个像素,最大配准误差小于2个像素。     

资源枯竭型城市空间扩展进程研究——以淮北市为例

城市空间扩展是衡量新型城镇化背景下城市化进程的重要指标之一,对于研究资源枯竭型城市的可持续发展也有重要的意义。以遥感影像为基础,结合ArcGIS和Matlab软件实现建成区范围的自动提取;选取城市化强度、重心和紧凑度等指标,分析资源枯竭型城市空间扩展的时空特征;结合研究区实际情况和部分统计数据探讨了城市空间扩展驱动机制。结果表明：1992-2016年,淮北市建成区面积由13.64 km²增加到130.19 km²,净增8.54倍。城市化强度水平处于中等程度,城市扩展强度处于较高的水平,城市土地利用集约程度不高;重心总体呈现出东偏的姿态,建成区用地紧凑度逐渐下降。经济及人口、政府决策、交通水平和采煤塌陷区分别是研究区城市空间扩展的驱动机制、引导机制、内生机制和限制机制。