第四纪环境重建的良好代用指标——有壳变形虫记录与古生态学研究进展

有壳变形虫是一类广泛分布在淡水潮湿环境中的根足纲原生动物,具有较窄的生态幅、较短的生命周期,对环境变化敏感等特点,因此沉积物中保存的有壳变形虫化石可以提供高分辨率的环境信息。有壳变形虫化石在古湖泊学与人类活动、古水文、古温度、第四纪海平面变化的定量重建等方面具有独特而重要的研究价值。在欧洲和北美开展的大量研究已证实有壳变形虫是古环境变化的有效指示器。我国地域辽阔,生境多样,无论是开展现代有壳变形虫的生态学研究,还是沉积物中有壳变形虫记录的古环境重建,都有巨大的研究潜力。     

Stable water isotopes of precipitation in China simulated by SWING2 models

The stable water isotope ratio in precipitation is a useful tracer of atmospheric circulation. Such observations, however, are very limited in space and time. To solve this problem, many isotope-enabled general circulation models (GCMs) are used to help the interpretation of isotope proxies. In this paper, several isotope-enabled GCMs released by the second Stable Water Isotope Intercomparison Group (SWING2) were selected to assess the spatial pattern of deuterium (δD) and the deuterium excess (d) of precipitation in China. The isotopic data of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) and the Chinese Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (CHNIP) were also applied to verify the simulations. The results indicate that these models accurately simulate the spatial characteristics of δD and d of precipitation in China. The correlation between the observations and simulations for LMDZ is the highest among these models, while the root-mean-square (RMS) and standard deviation are not perfect. In addition, LMDZ is worse than other models in capturing the low signal in certain regions, such as CAM, GISS_E, and MIROC. For the monthly variation, most SWING2 models underestimate δD of the precipitation but overestimate the value of d, except for isoGSM. The simulated monthly variation of the water isotopes from SWING2 models is in general similar to the observations, and the trend corresponds to the monthly variation in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, all models are good at illustrating the temperature and precipitation amount effects, while they exhibit varying skills in interpreting the altitude and continental effects.     

Analysis of soil‐structural interface behavior using three‐dimensional DEM simulations

The shear behavior at the interface between the soil and a structure is investigated at the macroscale and particle‐scale levels using a 3‐dimensional discrete element method (DEM). The macroscopic mechanical properties and microscopic quantities affected by the normalized interface roughness and the loading parameters are analyzed. The macro‐response shows that the shear strength of the interface increases as the normalized roughness of the interface increases, and stress softening and dilatancy of the soil material are observed in the tests that feature rough interfaces. The particle‐scale analysis illustrates that a localized band characterized by intense shear deformation emerges from the contact plane and gradually expands as shearing progresses before stabilizing at the residual stress state. The thickness of the localized band is affected by the normalized roughness of the interface and the normal stress, which ranges between 4 and 5 times that of the median grain diameter. A thicker localized band is formed when the soil has a rough shearing interface. After the localized band appears, the granular material structuralizes into 2 regions: the interface zone and the upper zone. The mechanical behavior in the interface zone is representative of the interface according to the local average stress analysis. Certain microscopic quantities in the interface zone are analyzed, including the coordination number and the material fabric. Shear at the interface creates an anisotropic material fabric and leads to the rotation of the major principal stress.     

中国有壳变形虫Argynnia(Vucetich,1974)属的修订及若干环境重建问题探讨

有壳变形虫是一类具外壳的陆相淡水根足纲(Rhizopoda)原生动物,广泛栖息于湖泊、泥炭、沼泽、土壤等各种淡水潮湿环境,由于其壳体具有很好的抗腐蚀性而在沉积物中保存下来,近年来广泛应用于泥炭和湖泊湿地的古环境重建研究中.大部分有壳变形虫是世界广泛分布的,但是也有一些种类具有一定的地带性分布格局.形态学和分子生物学的研...     

湖北神农架大九湖泥炭地泥炭藓共生细菌群落分析

对采自湖北神农架大九湖泥炭地泥炭藓(Sphagnum palustre)样品进行了不同预处理,之后提取微生物基因组DNA,构建克隆文库进而对泥炭藓共生菌的群落结构进行分析.菌落培养实验和荧光定量PCR结果显示,双氧水能杀死泥炭藓表面附生的微生物及破坏部分DNA,为研究泥炭藓内共生细菌提供一定的途径.群落组成分析结果表明双氧水处理后,所获得的细菌克隆文库的群落特征发生了改变,主要表现在细菌种类的减少及各菌门所占比率的变化上:NTX-0中酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和变形杆菌门(Proteaobacteria)百分比含量分别位居第一和第二,而经过双氧水进行表面除菌后NTX-0-degerming中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占了绝对优势;而在NTX-2-degerming中,蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)占绝对主导地位,细菌的群落多样性明显降低,细菌种类减少.系统发育分析表明与泥炭藓内共生的细菌一方面能适应大九湖泥炭湿地酸性、贫营养的环境,另一方面能为泥炭藓提供碳源、氮源,从而参与泥炭湿地的元素循环.尤其值得注意的是在内共生菌中发现了Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌,证实了甲烷氧化菌与泥炭藓的内共生关系,暗示着这类细菌通过自身的代谢进而影响全球碳循环的潜在意义.此外,首次报道了利用细菌的通用引物扩增出了大量泥炭藓叶绿体的序列,这可能为叶绿体内共生学说提供佐证.     

Ecology of testate amoebae in peatlands of central China and development of a transfer function for paleohydrological reconstruction

Testate amoebae are a diverse and abundant group of protozoa that constitute a large proportion of biomass in many ecosystems and probably fill important roles in ecosystem function. These microorganisms have attracted the interest of paleoecologists because the preserved shells of testate amoebae and their known hydrological preferences enable reconstruction of past hydrological change. In ombrotrophic peatlands, surface wetness reflects hydroclimate, so testate amoebae can play an important role in reconstruction of Holocene climate change. Previous studies, however, have been geographically restricted, mostly to North America and Europe. We studied the ecology of testate amoebae in peatlands from central China in relation to hydrology, pH and metal concentrations. We found that testate amoeba community structure was correlated with depth to water table (DWT) and that the hydrological preferences of species generally matched those of previous studies. We developed a weighted average DWT transfer function that enables prediction of water table depth with a cross-validated mean error of <5 cm. Our results demonstrate the potential for using testate amoebae to reconstruct paleohydrology in China. Such studies could contribute to our understanding of Holocene climate changes in China, particularly regarding past Asian monsoon activity.     

Estimation of areal precipitation in the Qilian Mountains based on a gridded dataset since 1961

Based on a 0.5°×0.5° daily gridded precipitation dataset and observations in meteorological stations released by the National Meteorological Information Center, the interannual variation of areal precipitation in the Qilian Mountains during 1961-2012 is investigated using principal component analysis (PCA) and regression analysis, and the relationship between areal precipitation and drought accumulation intensity is also analyzed. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Qilian Mountains can be well reflected by the gridded dataset. The gridded data-based precipitation in mountainous region is generally larger than that in plain region, and the eastern section of the mountain range usually has more precipitation than the western section. The annual mean areal precipitation in the Qilian Mountains is 724.9×10⁸ m³, and the seasonal means in spring, summer, autumn and winter are 118.9×10⁸ m³, 469.4×10⁸ m³, 122.5×10⁸ m³ and 14.1×10⁸ m³, respectively. Summer is a season with the largest areal precipitation among the four seasons, and the proportion in summer is approximately 64.76%. The areal precipitation in summer, autumn and winter shows increasing trends, but a decreasing trend is seen in spring. Among the four seasons, summer have the largest trend magnitude of 1.7×10⁸ m³×a^-1. The correlation between areal precipitation in the mountainous region and dry-wet conditions in the mountains and the surroundings can be well exhibited. There is a negative correlation between drought accumulation intensity and the larger areal precipitation is consistent with the weaker drought intensity for this region.     

沁水盆地南部高煤级煤储层孔隙分形特征

以沁水盆地南部的20个高煤级煤样品的压汞实验和煤岩煤质分析的结果为依据,探讨了孔隙分形维数的计算方法,分析了盆地南部地区高煤级煤孔隙分形特征。研究表明,高煤级煤孔隙分形无标度区为50nm~100μm,孔隙分维数在2.94~3.21,孔隙分维数与煤变质程度、孔隙度、大孔含量、体积中值孔径呈负相关关系,与中孔含量、吸附孔含量、退汞效率、灰分产率呈正相关关系,而固定碳含量、镜质组质量分数、挥发份产率、兰氏体积则以孔隙分维数3.05为拐点呈双U形或倒双U形变化。孔隙分维数可以作为反映高煤级煤储层吸附能力和解吸能力的一个重要参数,并依据孔隙分维数划分出该区富气易解吸区、富气难解吸区及含气解吸区。