Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.     

低熔融度地幔熔浆

介绍了低熔融度地幔熔浆的研究现状和意义，特别讨论了Ｂａｋｅｒ等最新的实验结果，并与实测数据进行了比较分析，认为Ｂａｋｅｒ等的实验是研究低融度熔浆一人上实质性进展，但许多方面尚有待探索。     

世界海洋油气资源与勘探模式概述

描述了全球海洋油气储量的总体情况、海洋油气资源的地域分布以及海洋油气产量的状况与增长趋势。简略阐述了海洋油气勘探的阶段划分、海洋地质调查、海洋地球化学勘探、海洋非地震地球物理勘探以及海洋地震勘探各方法的基本特点、关键技术和常用手段等。对海洋油气勘探的前景,尤其是深水区和天然气水合物的勘探前景作了展望。     

大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲与湖盆中心砂体的形成与分布

大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体已成为中国陆相盆地岩性油气藏最重要的勘探目标。通过对现代典型湖盆浅水三角洲的深入分析,结合我国中、新生代大型坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体的地质研究,取得以下主要进展与认识：①在分析浅水三角洲形成地质背景的基础上,按照供源体系、湖水深度及三角洲前缘倾斜坡度将湖盆三角洲分为9种成因结构类型;②建立了毯式浅水曲流河三角洲的沉积模式,指出末端分流河道及末端决口扇是浅水曲流河三角洲的典型微相类型;③分析了浅水三角洲砂体大面积分布的形成条件,指出敞流湖盆是湖盆中心浅水三角洲砂体发育的重要条件,敞流通道对湖盆中心砂体分布有重要控制作用;④湖盆中心发育河流、三角洲、湖流及密度底流砂体等牵引流成因砂体,也发育洪水浊积扇及滑塌浊积扇等重力流成因砂体;⑤大型浅水三角洲体系三级层序界面对岩性（成岩）圈闭的发育有重要控制作用,三角洲平原带层序界面上覆叠置砂体富集岩性油气藏,勘探潜力大。本文研究成果希对坳陷湖盆沉积学研究及岩性油气藏勘探能有推动作用。     

黑河中游灌区地下水位短期季节性变化趋势预测

利用黑河中游平川、板桥、鸭暖和蓼泉灌区8眼观测井的1985-2002年逐月实测平均地下水位埋深资料(共1728个月),基于帕森斯季节性指数理论,分别建立了黑河中游灌区具有代表性的平川、板桥、鸭暖、蓼泉四灌区共8眼观测井季节地下水位埋深动态变化预测模型,并用2003年各观测井的资料进行了趋势预测进行检验.结果表明:观测井地下水位变化过程呈线性递减的相关系数越显著,其拟合误差和预测误差越小.各观测井地下水位帕森斯季节性指数模型拟合差≤0.05 m的月数占总检验月数的比例平均为38.33%,拟合差≤0.10 m的月数占总检验月数的比例平均为72.50%,>0.25 m的月数占总检验月数的比例平均为2.00%;各观测井预测误差≤0.05 m的月数占总预报月数的比例平均为36.46%,预测误差≤0.10 m的月数占总预报月数的比例平均为64.38%,>0.25 m的平均比例仅为2.00%,说明帕森斯季节性指数模型可以对短期黑河中游典型灌区地下水位动态趋势进行预测.     

中国绿洲化及其研究进展北大核心CSCD

绿洲化是干旱区人与自然因素共同作用下荒漠向绿洲转变的过程。中国绿洲面积从20世纪50年代初期的20 000km2扩展到2000年的86 000km2,扩大了3.3倍。绿洲化过程不仅伴随着景观格局的变化,而且会引发土壤、生物、气象和水文等要素的变化。分析了近2 000a来中国干旱区绿洲的演变过程,评述了绿洲化过程中景观变化、其对绿洲稳定性的影响及绿洲化过程中土壤要素、气象水文要素变化等诸多方面的研究进展,同时提出未来的研究中应加强绿洲化过程研究框架的建立、绿洲化过程中关键因素变化及绿洲化关键过程研究。     

宇宙射线中子技术的中尺度土壤水研究进展及在荒漠绿洲区的应用

宇宙射线中子技术是观测土壤水分的新方法,通过近地表宇宙射线中子强度反演土壤水分,可以监测百米尺度范围内平均土壤水分状况,为中尺度土壤水研究提供数据支撑。重点综述了快中子强度与氢原子数呈反比的宇宙射线中子技术的观测原理,分析影响中子强度的气压、空气湿度、太阳活动、磁场强度、道路和中子数计量等因素,归纳了剔除非土壤水氢源的中子强度反演土壤水的关系模型,总结了计算土壤水校正点权重的方法,概述了国内外观测应用进展。在此基础上,利用移动式宇宙射线中子技术在河西走廊荒漠绿洲区进行土壤水分观测,观测的均方根误差为0.03 g/g,参数N0为690 counts/30s,该技术较好地实现了该区域中尺度土壤水分测定。荒漠区0～30 cm土层,夏季和秋季的土壤水资源量分别为6.8 mm和19.4 mm;绿洲区0～15 cm土层,夏季和秋季的土壤水资源量分别为50 mm和44 mm,研究为荒漠绿洲区土壤水资源评价和绿水利用提供了科学依据。     

沙丘生境沙鞭（Psammochloa villosa）种群空间分布格局

种群空间分布格局是植物种群自身生物学特性与环境因素相互作用的结果,一直是生态学研究的热点。采用群落学调查与点格局分析方法,研究了不同沙丘生境下斑块植被沙鞭（Psammochloa villosa）种群的空间分布格局。结果表明：（1）沙鞭种群在不同沙丘生境下均存在聚集分布格局,聚集尺度表现出先减小后增大趋势;（2）沙鞭种群在半固定沙丘中2—37 cm尺度正向偏离泊松聚块模型,95—168 cm尺度负向偏离泊松聚块模型;（3）沙鞭种群在流动沙丘和固定沙丘符合嵌套双聚块模型,在半流动沙丘0—50 cm尺度负向偏离嵌套双聚块模型,在半固定沙丘0—3、98—105、110—123 cm和130—168 cm尺度负向偏离嵌套双聚块模型。斑块状分布和种内种间竞争是沙鞭种群空间分布格局发生转变的关键,确保斑块内部个体高度聚集,牺牲斑块外围个体是沙鞭种群空间布局和资源占据的生态适应策略之一。