土壤理化性质空间分布及其相关关系分析

使用地理加权相关（GW correlation）与多因素方差分析对张家口地区土壤理化参数空间分异及其相关关系进行分析。结果显示：土壤理化参数具有不同的空间自相关性,各参数之间地理加权相关系数存在正负或大小差异。林地土壤养分含量与饱和导水率显著大于其他土地利用类型（P<0.05）;土壤理化参数之间相关性主要表现为坝上高原>坝下区域、栗钙土>其他土壤类型（P<0.05）。这表明,土地利用是影响张家口地区土壤理化参数空间分异的主要因素,地貌和土壤类型是影响土壤理化参数相关关系空间分异的主要因素,结果可以为认识区域土壤地域分异规律及制定生态脆弱区水土涵养措施提供数据参考。     

AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO SHORT-AND MEDIUM-RANGE PREDICTION OF TRACK AND INTENSITY OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

An objective prediction approach to the 6 h-144 h track and intensity of tropical cyclones over the northwestern Pacific is proposed. On the basis of both analog deviation technique and completed historical sample curve library, the track or intensity prediction for each forecast period are determined respectively through the optimum weighted superposition of displacement or intensity change of the cases, with different number and weighted coefficient corresponding to minimal analog deviation, from different tropical cyclone or different stage of the same cyclone. so that the prediction results for both forecast period and entire process are optimal. The verification suggests that the approach exhibits better forecast performance than other previous forecast methods by having remarkable decreasing forecast errors in short-and medium-range forecast of both track and intensity,and that the approach can also be used to predict effectively the decay process of tropical cyclone and is able to predict anomalous track and tropical depression.     

Influence of canopy and topographic position on soil moisture response to rainfall in a hilly catchment of Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China

Rainfall provides essential water resource for vegetation growth and acts as driving force for hydrologic process, bedrock weathering and nutrient cycle in the steep hilly catchment. But the effects of rainfall features, vegetation types, topography, and also their interactions on soil water movement and soil moisture dynamics are inadequately quantified. During the coupled wet and dry periods of the year 2018 to 2019, time-series soil moisture was monitored with 5-min interval resolution in a hilly catchment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China. Three hillslopes covered with evergreen forest(EG), secondary deciduous forest mixed with shrubs(SDFS) and deforested pasture(DP) were selected, and two monitoring sites with five detected depths were established at upslope and downslope position, respectively. Several parameters expressing soil moisture response to rainfall event were evaluated, including wetting depth, cumulative rainfall amount and lag time before initial response, maximum increase of soil water storage, and transform ratio of rainwater to soil water. The results indicated that rainfall amount is the dominant rainfall variable controlling soil moisture response to rainfall event. No soil moisture response occurred when rainfall amounts was 8 mm, and all the deepest monitoring sensors detected soil moisture increase when total rainfall amounts was 30 mm. In the wet period, the cumulative rainfall amount to trigger surface soil moisture response in EG-up site was significantly higher than in other five sites. However, no significant difference in cumulative rainfall amount to trigger soil moisture response was observed among all study sites in dry period. Vegetation canopy interception reduced the transform ratio of rainwater to soil water, with a higher reduction in vegetation growth period than in other period. Also, interception of vegetation canopy resulted in a largeraccumulated rainfall amount and a longer lag time for initiating soil moisture response to rainfall. Generally, average cumulative rainfall amount for initiating soil moisture response during dry period of all sites(3.5–5.6 mm) were less than during wet period(5.7–19.7 mm). Forests captured more infiltration water compared with deforested pasture, showing the larger increments of both soil water storage for the whole soil profile and volumetric soil water content at 10 cm depth on two forest slopes. Topography dominated soil subsurface flow, proven by the evidences that less rainfall amount and less time was needed to trigger soil moisture response and also larger accumulated soil water storage increment in downslope site than in corresponding upslope site during heavy rainfall events.     

北太平洋海温的主成分分析

对北太平洋(55°～20°N)的SST进行了主成分分析(1951～1986年)。分析表明:前五个特征向量空间型是北太平洋SST非季节变化的主要型,它们约占海温场总方差的50％。第一特征向量空间型反映了与埃尔—尼诺现象有关的大尺度分布特征。相应的时间系数序列的变化,可以清楚地鉴别50年代以来出现的埃尔—尼诺时期。它的10阶多项式反映了历史上的变暖(变冷)和变冷(变暖)期。其余特征向量空间型,反映了占北太平洋大气活动中心(如阿留申低压和西太平洋高压)和洋流区、非洋流区有关的海温分布特征。同样,对它们的时间系数序列进行了分析讨论。最后,根据前五个时间系数的线性变化趋势。对北太平洋海温变化趋势进行了讨论。     

Responses of soil moisture at different topographic positions to rainfall events along a steep subtropical forested hillslope

Understanding the dynamic response of soil moisture to rainfall is crucial for describing hydrological processes at the hillslope scale. However, because of sparse monitoring coupled with the complexity of water movement and steep topography, the findings of rainfall-related soil moisture dynamics have not always been consistent, indicating a need for systematic investigations of soil moisture dynamics and infiltration patterns following rainfall inputs at multiple topographic positions along a hillslope. This study aimed to examine the nature of these responses by characterizing and quantifying the response amplitude, rate and time for 37 large rainfall events at 25 combinations of topographic positions and soil depths along a steep forested hillslope. Our results showed that soil moisture responses under different rainfall patterns could be attributed to one or the other rainfall characteristics, such as rainfall intensity and amount. However, soil moisture dynamics at different hillslope positions after rainfall varied widely due to the controls of soil properties, topography, and non-equilibrium flow. Preferential flow was more evident under dry initial soil conditions than under wet initial soil conditions. Findings of this study reveal that the dynamic response patterns of soil moisture to rainfall do not always follow topographic controls, which can improve our understanding of water cycling related to the infiltration process at the hillslope scale, and support water resources management in subtropical mountain ecosystems.     

三峡库区不同垂直带森林土壤大孔隙染色实验

降雨过程中森林土壤大孔隙内优先流的发生,是森林植被调蓄径流和保持水土的主要方式。利用染色示踪法,对三峡库区宜昌大老岭-邓村地区不同垂直带内森林土壤大孔隙特征进行了实验研究。结果表明,山地植被-土壤类型的梯度变化使不同垂直带内土壤大孔隙数量差异显著,在土壤垂直剖面内呈现不同分布模式。亚高山阔叶林覆盖的山地棕壤下,土壤剖面染色面积比达62.3%,染色区域主要集中在根系发达的腐殖质层,染料下渗深度较浅。低山针叶林黄壤剖面染色比例低于亚高山阔叶林棕壤,但染料下渗深度较深可达69.5 cm,腐殖质层、淋溶淀积层和母质层间染色比例无显著差异。中山灌丛幼林黄棕壤剖面染色比例和染料下渗深度较小,腐殖质层染色比例显著高于淋溶淀积层,母质层几乎无染色现象。与森林土壤相比,低山弃耕坡地的染料下渗深度和染色面积比显著减小,染色区域集中在耕作表层。植物根孔、母质裂隙、土壤发育程度和土地耕作是造成山地不同垂直带间土壤大孔隙结构差异的主要因素。