Selection of material properties for use in design of frozen earth structures has been a limiting factor for some field applications. In particular, the mechanical properties governing the behavior of a frozen soil structure subjected to bending stresses are of interest. The effects of strain rate, temperature, and sample size on the compressive and tensile properties of frozen silica sand have been determined experimentally using uniaxial compression and split cylinder tests. Data included on the initial tangent modulus, compressive strength, failure strains, and tensile strength help delineate some limitations of available test procedures. Failure modes for various test conditions are described.
Data analysis shows that the initial yield stress, the compressive peak strength, and the initial tangent modulus increase with decreasing temperatures and increasing strain rates. Tensile strengths from split cylinder tests appear to be independent of deformation rates. Uniaxial compressive strengths decreased slightly and the initial tangent modulus increased with increasing sample diameter (constant length to diameter ratio). Deformation and failure modes changed from a plastic to a brittle behavior when strain rates were increased from low to high values. Larger failure strains at slower strain rates (more time available) appear to be a result of pressure melting, water migration and refreezing, permitting more particle readjustments before development of the peak strength. Observations on failure strains suggest limiting values for design situations. 相似文献
The U.S. Geological Survey recently completed a digital coal resource assessment model of the Upper Pennsylvanian Pittsburgh coal bed, which indicates that after subtracting mined-out coal, 16 billion short tons (14 billion tonnes) remain of the original 34 billion short tons (31 billion tonnes) of coal. When technical, environmental, and social restrictions are applied to the remaining Pittsburgh coal model, only 12 billion short tons (11 billion tonnes) are available for mining. Our assessment models estimate that up to 0.61 billion short tons (0.55 billion tonnes), 2.7 billion short tons (2.4 billion tonnes), and 8.5 billion short tons (7.7 billion tonnes) could be available for surface mining, continuous mining, and longwall mining, respectively. This analysis is an example of a second-generation regional coal availability study designed to model recoverability characteristics for all the major coal beds in the United States. 相似文献