农村土地制度改革与乡村振兴

乡村发展现实困境与乡村振兴战略目标之间存在巨大鸿沟。论文总结了1949年以来农村土地制度改革与乡村发展的演进态势与时代特征,基于农村土地制度改革的功能体系,剖析了二者的互动机制,探讨了农村土地制度改革助推乡村振兴的发展路径与典型模式,并进行了研究展望。结论如下：① 农村土地制度改革是破解当前乡村发展困境、推进乡村振兴的突破口,本质是新时期为适应城乡生产力发展的生产关系再调整,二者均具迫切性、交融性与攻坚性的时代特征。1949年以来农村土地制度与乡村发展总体耦合联动、互促互馈。② 新时期,农村土地制度改革具有多功能价值,通过补短板促进乡村重构与乡村多功能发展,发挥制度联动、城乡融合与经济转型的乘数效应,助推乡村振兴,并带动城乡地域系统功能优化。③ 农村土地制度改革沿整合要素、重组结构、优化功能的路径,因地制宜、分类推进乡村地域功能演变与乡村振兴。④ 未来需发挥农村土地制度改革的制度联动作用,同时重视改革的政策性摩擦,深化乡村振兴对农村土地制度改革的正反馈,并权衡农村土地制度改革举措与乡村发展的适应性问题。     

电商快递包装箱的碳足迹空间分解和隐含碳转移研究

伴随电子商务等新兴消费业态的迅猛发展,其碳排放量已不容忽视。本研究从空间分解和隐含碳转移的角度,基于对电商快递包装箱全生命周期的碳足迹研究,识别其在原料、生产、利用各环节与电商行为的地理空间耦合,分析各阶段及总排放的省域尺度格局特征,以及伴随快递流的隐含碳转移网络格局。研究发现：原料阶段的碳排放多在木材原料商区位,生产阶段的碳排放和快递发货区位高度耦合,利用阶段的碳排放和快递收货区位相耦合。全国电商快递包装箱各阶段的碳排放在空间上高度集聚,原料阶段集中在广西,生产和利用阶段集中在广东、浙江、江苏,整体呈现出“东多西少、南多北少”的空间特征。碳排放总量较高的省区多由生产驱动,碳排放总量越少的省区则利用驱动越明显。隐含碳转移网络呈现出“少数省区净流出、多数省区净流入”的“轴辐式”结构特征,浙江、广东两省承担了80%左右的净流出,是绝大多数省区隐含碳流入的最大来源地,北京是净流入最大的省区。基于隐含碳转移进行碳排放责任辨析,是相关决策需要考虑的重要因素;绿色包装的减排贡献较大,亟待寻求技术突破;新兴消费业态的碳排放值得长期关注。     

中国县域粮食产量与农业劳动力变化耦合关系研究（英文）

In this paper we establish a model that expresses the coupled relationship between grain yield and agricultural labor changes in China, and present a preliminary discussion of the coupled processes involved in changes in these factors at the county level. Thus, we develop two coefficients on the basis of county-level statistical data for grain yield and agricultural labor for the years 1991, 2000, and 2010, namely, the grain-labor elasticity coefficient(GLEC) and the agricultural labor-transfer effect coefficient(ALTEC). The results of this study show that during the transformation process of agricultural development in China, different kinds of coupled relationships between grain yield and agricultural labor changes co-existed at the same time. For example, between 1991 and 2010, counties characterized by three different coupled modes(i.e., increasing grain yield and decreasing agricultural labor, increasing grain yield and agricultural labor, and decreasing grain yield and agricultural labor) account for 48.85%, 29.11%, and 19.74% of the total across the study area, respectively. Interestingly, a coupled relationship between increasing grain yield and decreasing agricultural labor is mainly concentrated in the traditional farming areas of China, while a coupled relationship between increasing grain yield and agricultural labor is primarily concentrated in pastoral areas and agro-pastoral ecotones in underdeveloped western China. At the same time, a coupled relationship between decreasing grain yield and agricultural labor is concentrated in areas that have experienced a rapid development transition in agriculture, especially the developed southeastern coast of China. The results of this study also show that between 1991 and 2010, 1961 counties experienced a decline in the proportion of agricultural labor; of these, 1452 are also characterized by increasing grain yield, 72.38% of the total. This coupled relationship between grain yield and changes in the proportion of agricultural labor shows a stepped fluctuation and has continually strengthened over time. Data show that mean values for the GLEC and ALTEC increased from –0.25 and –2.93 between 1991 and 2000 to –0.16and –1.78 between 2000 and 2010, respectively. These changes in GLEC and ALTEC illustrate that the influence of agricultural labor changes on increasing grain yields has gradually diminished. Finally, the results of this study reveal that the ‘Hu Huanyong Line' is a significant boundary sub-dividing this coupled relationship between grain yield and changes in agricultural labor.     

黄淮海平原耕地功能演变的时空特征及其驱动机制（英文）

Using counties as the basic analysis unit,this study established an evaluation index system for farmland function(FF) from economic,social,and ecological perspectives.The method combining entropy weighting and multiple correlation coefficient weighting was adopted to determine the weights,and the FF indices were calculated for each county.Subsequently,the spatio-temporal characteristics of farmland function evolution(FFE) were analyzed and the coupled relationships between the sub-functions were explored based on a coupling coordination model.At the same time,the dynamic mechanism of FFE was quantitatively analyzed using a spatial econometric regression analysis method.The following major conclusions were drawn:(1) The farmland economic function generally exhibited a declining trend during 1990–2010,and it is essential to point out that it was stronger in underdeveloped and agriculture-dominated counties,while it continuously weakened in developed areas.Farmland social function decreased in 60.29% of the counties,whereas some counties,which were mostly located in north of Zhengzhou and west of Dezhou and Cangzhou,Yantai,and Weihai,clearly increased.A dramatic decline in farmland ecological function occurred around Beijing,Tianjin,and Jinan.Areas located in the northern part of Henan Province and the central part of Shandong Province saw an increase in ecological function.(2) There was a significant spatial difference in the coupling degree and coordination degree of the sub-functions,and the decoupling phenomenon highlighted this.The changes in social function and ecological function lagged behind economic function in developed areas,but these were highly coupled in some underdeveloped areas.(3) FFE in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(HHHP) is resulted from the comprehensive effects of regional basic conditions and external driving factors.Furthermore,the transitions of population and industry under urbanization and industrialization played a decisive role in the evolution intensity and direction of farmland sub-systems,including the economy,society,and the ecology.According to the results mentioned above,promoting the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agricultureshould be regarded as an important engine driving sustainable development in the HHHP.Taking different regional characteristics of FFE into account,differentiated and diversified farmland use and management plans should be implemented from more developed urban areas to underdeveloped traditional agricultural areas.     

电子商务影响下的“淘宝村”乡村重构多维度分析——以湖北省十堰市郧西县下营村为例

以湖北省十堰市郧西县下营村为例,利用半结构式访谈、问卷调查并结合遥感影像解译与GIS可视化表达等方法对电子商务驱动下乡村经济、社会及空间重构进行刻画。研究表明：① 下营村由传统的农业主导转变为一、二、三产业融合发展的多元结构,并显露出生态化转向。② 社会空间趋向于就业高度非农化、治理主体多元化、公共服务健全化、生活方式现代化及交往空间虚拟化。③ 农业生产空间逐步压缩,非农生产空间逐步扩张,生产-生态复合空间增加,居住空间呈现多功能化、集约化。④ 产业基础、电商平台、物流设施、乡村精英、资源禀赋和政府支持为其转型与发展提供了初始引擎、资源支撑和外部支持。     

平原农区农业生产系统转型及其环境效应的耦合类型划分

农业绿色转型已经成为乡村振兴与农业农村深化改革的必然选择,亟待探索农区农业生产转型与其环境效应的空间分异规律与地域类型,从而推进农业的高质量发展。本文基于类型学视角采用判别法将黄淮海平原农区的农业生产类型划分为城市近郊现代集约型、城市近郊传统经营型、城市远郊现代集约型和城市远郊传统经营型。从拉力、支撑力及引导力的视角,构建以“发展主体适应-要素变化-环境响应”为主线的分析框架,解读了农业生产系统转型及其环境效应的动力机制和特征。黄淮海平原农业生产系统转型负向环境效应的形成机制为在增产增收的目标导向及区域自然条件约束下,资本、技术及劳动力的非理性投入对农业生态系统的扰动。将农业生产系统转型与环境效应的耦合类型划分为城郊现代集约高强度污染型、城郊现代集约中度污染型、城市远郊现代集约高强度污染型和城市远郊现代集约中度污染型。基于以上分析,从普适性与异质性视角提出了相应的政策启示与优化调控策略,以期实现平原农区农业生产系统的可持续健康转型。     

基于乡村多功能理论的贫困村域演变特征与振兴路径探讨——以海南省什寒村为例

对于多数农村地区而言,贫困是制约乡村发展的重要因素,为摆脱对农业的过度依赖和单一生产功能,乡村多功能逐步进入人们的视野并日渐受到关注,在很大程度上多功能路径有助于减少贫困发生率,并提高农村社区和家庭面对生存压力的能力。论文立足于乡村振兴的时代背景,在阐释乡村多功能概念内涵的基础上,采用实地调研和半结构式访谈等方法,基于多功能视角剖析贫困村域乡村发展的演变特征及驱动因素,总结提炼其创新发展模式,在此基础上进一步探讨贫困村域乡村振兴的路径选择。结果表明：① 在内外部驱动力的作用下,海南省什寒村实现了从弱势的贫困农村向产品多样化的多功能乡村转变;② 乡村农业生产、就业与社会保障、生态保育及文化传承等多项功能的协调发展,对于提高农村社会经济发展水平、增强乡村弹性具有积极意义;③ 驱动乡村多功能演化的因素包含政策支持、市场需求、自然本底、资金技术、行为主体和文化特质等多个方面;④ 针对贫困村域乡村发展存在的制约因素,提出从宏观层面提供乡村振兴外援力、从中观层面促进乡村振兴交互力、从微观层面激发乡村振兴内生力,通过总体谋划、各个击破以实现乡村振兴。最后从多功能视角,对乡村振兴发展的困境与出路进行了探讨。     

耕地利用“温室化”转型：内涵、进展与展望

基于归纳分析法和文献调研法系统论述耕地利用“温室化”转型的内涵认知和研究进展,并展望未来研究趋势与重点方向。研究结果：(1)耕地利用“温室化”转型可理解为一定地域内被用于温室生产的耕地利用形态在长期变化过程中发生的趋势性转折,研究提出了耕地利用“温室化”的倒“U”型转型假说。“温室化”利用过程是农户利用温室技术破解土地资源稀缺性的理性选择,其本质是依托农业技术创新来提高土地集约边际的过程,对于保障地方多元食物供应具有重要意义。(2)从测度方法上,目前的研究依然沿袭传统的耕地利用转型测度指标,在显性形态上聚焦于表征规模、结构及其空间格局,在隐性形态上多关注投入、产出、价格等。(3)从时空演化机制上,囿于数据获取等因素,我国耕地“温室化”转型时空特征的精准刻画仍缺乏,目前的研究大多依靠遥感手段或统计数据考察宏观尺度的时空特征,缺乏微观尺度的质性研究。机制分析仍停留于宏观区域层面,计量经济学方法在探究其自然及社会经济因子的过程中得到了较多的应用。(4)从“温室化”转型效应分析上,针对其经济或环境效应的分析往往局限于农业经济学或环境科学的单一视角,缺乏从综合视角对其多维效应进行权衡分析。未来研...     

中国县域农业劳动力变化与农业经济发展的时空耦合及其对乡村振兴的启示

基于中国县域1991年、2000年、2010年3期截面数据,利用定量和GIS空间分析法,研究了在快速城镇化背景下,农业劳动力变化与农业经济发展的耦合特征和时空格局。结果表明：① 1991-2010年中国县域农业劳动力总体呈减少趋势且减少幅度逐渐增加,1991-2000年、2000-2010年分别减少4.91%和15.50%;从空间分布上看,中国农业劳动力数量呈“东减西增”的空间演变特征。② 1991-2010中国县域农业经济呈持续增长态势,总量增长140.13%,但区域差异明显;农业产值占区域GDP的比重逐渐减小,呈现出东低西高的分布特征。③ 产劳弹性系数的耦合类型主要以农业经济、农业劳动力“同增”的增长型和农业经济增长、农业劳动力减少的集约型为主,分别分布在中国的西北和东南部地区;耦合类型为“滞后型”“衰落型”和“衰退型”的区域与中国贫困发生率高的地域较为吻合,1991-2010年各耦合类型整体呈良性发展态势。最后根据产劳弹性系数的耦合类型和空间分布特征,提出促进一二三产融合发展和乡村经济振兴的政策建议。     

城镇化背景下中国农区土地利用转型及其环境效应研究:进展与展望

农区是保障我国经济社会可持续发展的根基,基于土地利用转型这一独特视角前瞻性地研究城镇化进程对农区环境的影响及其调控途径意义重大。现有研究在着眼于城镇化驱动土地利用转型及其"格局—过程—效应—调控"方面的系统性分析尚显不足,未来可从宏观到中(微)观尺度、理论到实践2条研究主线协同推进相关研究。在此过程中需解决的关键问题有:土地利用隐性形态变化的定量识别与模拟,转型进程中环境效应的产生机理与调控位点,以及耦合经济与环境多重情景的土地利用转型调控机制与合理模式。未来土地利用转型及其环境效应研究应坚持综合的方向,体现多维、动态视角,探索多学科、多尺度的综合分析方法和手段,为构建农区"土地—环境—经济"协同发展的动态耦合机制、有效促进城乡一体化发展提供科学决策依据。