安徽省旱涝灾害及其对农作物产量影响

通过对建国以来安徽省多种农业气象资料分析，采用Z指数方法建立安徽省旱涝灾害气候判别指标，分析安徽省旱涝灾害发生规律。结果表明:1961—2000年安徽省有13年偏涝、13年偏旱；分区域看，淮北旱多于涝，沿淮、江淮、江南旱涝相当，沿江、大别山区涝多于旱。通过水稻（一季稻）、小麦典型旱涝年灾损率与发育期间气象条件、旱涝程度的对比统计分析，建立了分区水稻、小麦旱涝灾害损失评估模型和指标。春季涝渍灾害是影响安徽省冬小麦产量的主要灾害，其对冬小麦产量的危害程度远大于干旱，尤以4—5月发生的涝渍影响最严重，极重涝渍灾害的减产损失可达4成以上。同时重点研究了春季渍害对冬小麦产量的影响，提出改进的涝渍强度指标Qw，并进一步综合分析作物的敏感性和区域脆弱性对灾损率的影响。对1961—2000年冬小麦灾损率进行的敏感性和脆弱性订正表明，订正后拟合误差平均值和差异变率都明显降低，灾损评估精度得到提高。     

淮北平原气象观测场与农田土壤湿度对比分析

为研究在同一气候背景下气象观测场与农田两地土壤湿度之间的互可代替使用关系,对2006—2008年在宿州市气象观测场和农田内开展的3年土壤湿度平行对比监测试验所获取的每旬一次两地土壤湿度监测数据,采用对比差值率、相关性分析等数理统计手段,研究分析了两地不同季节不同深度的土壤湿度之间的关系。结果表明：春、夏、秋、冬4季气象观测场地与农田的土壤湿度具有一致性,均为统计正相关。春季,取土日前有降水时,气象观测场地与农田的土壤湿度的差异高于取土日前无降水时的差异。夏季,气象观测场地与农田0～30 cm土层之间的     

Otolith development in larval and juvenile Schizothorax davidi: ontogeny and growth increment characteristics

Laboratory-reared Schizothorax davidi larvae and juveniles were examined to assess the formation and characteristics of David’s schizothoracin otoliths.Otolith development was observed and their formation period was verifi ed by monitoring larvae and juveniles of knownage.The results revealed that lapilli and sagittae developed before hatching,and the first otolith increment was identified at 2 days post hatching in both.The shape of lapilli was relatively stable during development compared with that of sagittae;however,growth of four sagittae and lapilli areas was consistent,but the posterior area grew faster than the anterior area and the ventral surface grew faster than the dorsal surface.Similarly,the sum length of the radius of the anterior and posterior areas on sagittae and lapilli were linearly and binomially related to total fish length,respectively.Moreover,daily deposition rates were validated by monitoring knownage larvae and juveniles.The increase in lapilli width was 1.88±0.080 0μm at the ninth increment,which reached a maximum and the decreased gradually toward the otolith edge,whereas that of sagittae increased more slowly.These results illustrate the developmental biology of S.davidi,which will aid in population conservation and fish stock management.     

汶川Ms8．0地震的短临地电波动（潮汐力谐振和共振波-HRT波）前兆

简要介绍了强震短临前兆的HRT波模型,和用HRT波模型分析强震前地电观测资料预测未来强震的时间、地点、震级三要素方法。用HRT波模型分析了2008年汶川MS8.0地震前四川红格地电台的记录资料,提取出了汶川MS8.0地震前短临前兆信息。     

基于GIS的安徽省重大农业气象灾害测评系统

以安徽省重大农业气象灾害的气候规律分析及遥感监测方法的基础,利用地理信息系统技术,设计并建立了省级农业气象灾害测评系统。该系统运用结构化设计原理,根据用户需求及系统建设的基本目标,确定了系统结构及主要功能,以为主要支撑软件,建立了安徽省干旱,洪涝及低温冷害的基本数据库、灾害监测评估模型和应急反应及决策服务系统。     

河南省冬小麦拔节-抽穗期干旱天气指数保险研究

利用1971—2014年河南103个台站地面气象逐日观测资料和冬小麦产量资料,选择对产量有明显影响的拔节-抽穗期干旱作为天气指数保险设计的气象灾害类型,分析了河南冬小麦拔节-抽穂期干旱发生基本规律,并开展干旱风险评估。定义降水负距平百分率作为冬小麦干旱天气指数,并利用173组典型灾害样本建立了冬小麦拔节-抽穗期干旱天气指数与减产率的关系模型;在此基础上,初步设计了冬小麦干旱天气指数保险产品,并基于风险评估结果对天气指数产品费率进行修订。结果表明,河南冬小麦干旱程度总体由西南向东北增强;拔节-抽穂期,豫北地区的干旱风险最高;其次是豫西北、豫东和豫中;豫西南和豫南的风险相对较低;基于天气指数模型和历史赔付状况分析,将降水负距平百分率60%作为触发值,并确定了不同干旱天气指数等级的赔付标准;基于干旱风险评估结果修订后的河南各地区的天气指数保险费率在9. 2%～11. 2%,单位面积保费在29. 8～36. 3元·亩~(-1)。     

卡尔曼滤波方法在稻飞虱发生等级预测中的应用研究

利用桐城市2005—2007年逐候田间系统调查的稻飞虱百丛虫量数据,分析影响桐城市稻飞虱发生程度的主要的气象因子。分析发现,旬平均气温、候平均气温与系统调查的桐城市稻飞虱百丛虫量均呈显著的负相关,显示高温对稻飞虱发生具有抑制作用,最适宜的候平均气温为20.5℃。应用卡尔曼滤波方法建立稻飞虱发生适宜气象条件等级预测模型,目的在于开展稻飞虱发生的气象条件预警预测,为防虫治虫提供依据。经历史拟合和2008年试报应用,此模型的预测精度较高,可靠性和稳定性都较好,可投入业务应用。     

滑动弱化模型下的库仑应力变化与远程触发问题

地震断层破裂在周围固体介质中能产生静态附加应力场.当依据库仑破裂准则和破裂模型推测构造应力变化,用以判断能否触发某处断层破裂时,这种应力变化称作"库仑破裂应力变化".一次地震产生的"库仑应力变化"被认为能影响下一次地震的发生.讨论了计算"库仑应力变化"所采用的不同模型,指出伏尔泰拉错动模型不能真实反映震源参数,因而所给...     

The Ecological Importance and Influence of Land Use on Carbonic Anhydrase Activity of Waters in the Upstream Section of the Wujiang River Basin

Thirty-four sampling sites for surface water and twenty-seven sampling sites for ground water in areas of different land use were selected in the Wujiang River Basin, upstream section in Guizhou Province, China. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in surface and ground water was analyzed and compared. The results show that CA activity was detected in all surface and ground water samples. In general, average CA activity in surface and ground water was highest from samples in arbor lands, followed by shrub lands, shrub and grass lands, agricultural lands, and residential areas. The average CA activity in ground water from arbor lands, shrub lands, and shrub and grass lands was higher than that in surface water. Water CA activity was positively correlated with HCO3concentration in surface water and ground water. These results imply that the contribution of CA in water to the karst carbon sink potential of river basins warrants further extensive and in-depth research.     

安徽省干旱灾害监测及预警服务系统研究

介绍了利用NOAA／AVHRR卫星资料与土壤水分人工观测资料，进行干旱灾害监测的方法、指标。详述了安徽省干旱灾害预警服务系统的组成、功能和运用统计学方法，建立土壤干旱预测模型，结合干旱指标确定干旱等级，开展安徽省干旱预警服务的情况。