珠江口典型海岛周边水域浮游植物分布特征及其影响因素*

旅游业为海岛带来可观经济效益的同时, 人类活动也导致水体生态环境恶化, 如水体富营养化加剧、赤潮频发等。文章通过对珠江口东南部典型海岛——庙湾岛和外伶仃岛周边水域丰水期和枯水期现场环境数据与浮游植物分布特征的对比研究, 分析珠江径流等自然因素以及人类活动对河口天然海岛周边水体生态的潜在影响。枯水期外伶仃岛和庙湾岛周边水域海水分别镜检鉴定出76种和74种浮游植物, 两个海岛浮游植物平均细胞密度分别为2.62×10⁴个·L^-1和2.08×10⁴个·L^-1; 丰水期则分别鉴定出38种和47种浮游植物, 平均细胞密度分别为52.91×10⁴个·L^-1和170.57× 10⁴个·L^-1。在外伶仃岛和庙湾岛, 丰水期中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema coatatum)均为绝对优势种, 而枯水期两个岛的最主要优势种分别为窄隙角毛藻(Chaetoceros affinis)和新月筒柱藻(Cylindrotheca closterium), 物种多样性指数均明显高于丰水期。两个海岛微型浮游植物相对于其他两个粒级常占据优势地位, 但在丰水期, 小型浮游植物贡献明显上升, 其中外伶仃岛相对于枯水期由16.32%升至26.75%, 庙湾岛则由12.12%升高至24.78%。两个海岛在丰水期和枯水期均仅检出聚球藻(Synechococcus, Syn)和真核微微型藻类(eukaryotic, Euk)两大微微型浮游植物类群, 两者细胞密度分别为~10⁷个·L^-1及~10⁸个·L^-1量级。与环境因子的对比分析表明, 两个海岛浮游植物的区域分布与季节变化受多种因素影响, 其季节性差异主要受径流影响强度、影响范围以及相应的盐度、营养盐等环境因素的季节变化所调控。丰水期岛屿屏蔽效应对浮游植物丰度的区域分布特征有显著影响, 无论小型浮游植物还是微微型浮游植物均发现存在迎流面出现丰度高值分布的现象, 但对群落结构的分布影响不明显; 在枯水期, 水体环境很可能主要受人类活动与水体垂直混合扰动的综合影响, 总体上浮游植物分布的区域差异较小。     

深圳建设全球海洋智库的路径探析

海洋智库作为专业领域的智库机构,对服务政府海洋决策,推动沿海国家和海洋城市经济社会发展有着至关重要的作用。近年来,深圳积极开展全球海洋中心城市建设,谋划布局全球海洋智库。文章通过梳理相关政策背景,明确了深圳建设全球海洋智库的战略意义;在充分研究国内外涉海智库的发展基础上,总结了八大发展经验;立足研判深圳建设全球海洋智库的建设基础及面临挑战,提出了深圳建设全球海洋智库在发展定位、重点任务与研究领域、组建模式与治理结构及其在经费构成、人员管理、交流合作、宣传推广和运营保障等方面的发展建议。     

Study of a comprehensive assessment method of the environmental quality of soil in industrial and mining gathering areas

Industrial and mining activities have been recognized as major sources of heavy metal contamination in soil. Here, we developed a comprehensive assessment method for the soil environment in industrial and mining gathering areas based on the pressure–state–response model. Using this method, we assessed the environmental quality of soil in a typical industrial and mining gathering area in Tianjin City, China. The results are as follows: (1) The comprehensive environmental quality index of the soil in the study area was 0.532, which corresponds to an alert state and shows that the soil environment is generally poor. (2) The pressure, state, and response indexes were 0.609, 0.634, and 0.163, respectively, which suggests that the pressure in the soil environment of the study area is barely acceptable, and the state is merely passable. Furthermore, the response measures are not ideal. (3) The low response index scores indicate poor production processes, low pollutant treatment level, and unsatisfactory level of management by the enterprises in the study area. (4) The distribution of soil risks was found to be inseparably related to that of contamination sources and land use types. Furthermore, the distribution was uneven to a certain degree. Finally, we propose recommendations for the optimization, adjustment, and management of typical industrial and mining gathering areas with petrochemical, metallurgy, and other heavily polluting enterprises.     

双TC和梅雨锋共同作用下的一次暴雨过程分析

通过NCEP再分析资料计算各种物理量和应用卫星云图、雷达资料,并用WRF中尺模式做数值模拟,从动力过程、水汽输送过程、中小尺度系统等3个方面对TC和梅雨锋共同作用在浙北产生的一次暴雨过程进行分析。结论如下:(1)动力过程特点:300 hPa急流出口区辐散,中层3支气流汇合形成变形场锋生,产生强烈上升运动。低层TC外围的东南气流输入暖平流和湿位涡,使海上台风倒槽向北传播发展,最终形成气旋。TC高层流出气流对梅雨锋南侧垂直环流的维持有利;(2)水汽主要由两个TC外围的环流输送;(3)卫星云图和雷达回波显示有不同的降水云团合并且有加强的过程。用WRF中尺模式做数值模拟显示:700 hPa中小尺度的切变线或辐合区与强降水回波相对应。过程主要特点是中低层两个TC外围的气流与西风带气流在华东地区汇合,形成变形场锋生,产生强烈的辐合上升。在不同的气流汇合后产生了强急流输送水汽,加强垂直环流和中小尺度的辐合,是强降水产生的主要原因。西南季风经过台风绕流后在合适的环境场下仍有可能到达华东地区,这时往往与中纬度西风带汇合,在这种情况下会加强梅雨降水。     

Land surface temperature shaped by urban fractions in megacity region

The influence of spatial scales on surface fluxes is an interesting but not fully investigated question. This paper presents an analysis on the influence of spatial scales on surface fluxes in the north Tibetan Plateau based on eddy covariance (EC) and large aperture scintillometer (LAS) data at site Nagqu/BJ, combined with the land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). The analysis shows that sensible heat fluxes calculated with LAS data (H_LAS) agree reasonably well with sensible heat fluxes calculated with EC data (H_EC) in the rain and dry seasons. The difference in their footprints due to the wind direction is an important reason for the differences in H_EC and H_LAS. The H_LAS are statistically more consistent with H_EC when their footprints overlap than when their footprints do not. A detailed analysis on H_EC and H_LAS changes with net radiation and wind direction in rain and dry season indicates that the spatial heterogeneity in net radiation created by clouds contributes greatly to the differences in H_EC and H_LAS in short-term variations. A significant relationship between the difference in footprint-weighted averages of LST and difference in H_EC and H_LAS suggests that the spatial heterogeneity in LST at two spatial scales is a reason for the differences in H_EC and H_LAS and that LST has a positive correlation with the differences in H_EC and H_LAS. A significant relationship between the footprint-weighted averages of NDVI and the ratio of sensible heat fluxes at two spatial scales to net radiation (H/Rn) in the rain season supports the analysis that the spatial heterogeneity in canopy at two spatial scales is another reason for differences in H_EC and H_LAS and that canopy has a negative correlation with (H/Rn). An analysis on the influence of the difference in aerodynamic roughness lengths at two spatial scales on sensible heat fluxes shows that the influence is greater in the dry season and smaller in the rain season because the ratio of z_{0m_LAS} to z_{0m_EC} is big in the dry season and is close to 1.0 in the rain season. This study on spatial scales on surface fluxes in the Tibetan Plateau will be helpful in analyzing and understanding its influence on climate.     

A seasonal scale analysis correlating total cloud amount anomalies with ENSO over the tropical Pacific

The seasonal patterns of total cloud amount (TCA) responsible for El Ni?o/La Ni?a-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies were investigated using the ISCCP-D2 cloud and NOAA OI.v2 SST datasets for the period of July 1983 to June 2008. The results show three main ENSO-sensitive regions obtained by spatial overlapping of seasonal correlations, two in the western tropical Pacific and one in the central tropical Pacific. These regions were named WTP1, WTP2, and CTP. In all three regions, except the JJA (June?CAugust) WTP2, the TCA changes were significantly correlated with the Ni?o 3.4 anomalies during the four seasons (December?CJanuary?CFebruary (DJF), March?CApril?CMay, JJA, and September?COctober?CNovember (SON)). Remarkable differences in the seasonal variability of TCA were observed in these regions. In the WTP1, the DJF TCA always remained the highest value among the four seasons in all years. In the WTP2, the maximum TCA occurred during JJA in most years. In the CTP, the extreme value of TCA was mainly observed in DJF or SON near the peak time of ENSO. Seasonal cross-correlation analyses also showed significant relations between TCA and Ni?o 3.4 SST in these regions, which may be helpful for forecasting the evolution of ENSO.     

Modifications in vegetation cover and surface albedo during rapid urbanization: a case study from South China

The green vegetation fraction (GVF) and surface albedo are important land surface parameters often used for validation of climate and land surface models that are influenced largely by environmental gradients and human activities. In this study, fine resolution GVF and albedo values derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus images from 1990 to 2000 were used to examine the relationship of both GVF and albedo values to the spatial gradients of parameters related to dramatic urbanization in the Greater Guangzhou metropolitan area, Guangdong Province, in South China. Moderate resolution GVF and albedo datasets derived from the MODIS Collection 5 product were used to analyze the seasonal variation of GVF and albedo with rapid urban expansion from 2001 to 2007. The results show that the shortwave albedo had a clear declining trend from the urban center to natural land in 1990. However, no obvious trend in shortwave albedo change was observed along urban–rural gradients caused by the expansion of low-albedo urban buildings and more heterogeneous land cover patterns in 2000. A threshold of GVF (~0.21) was estimated for determining the change of albedo associated with vegetation fraction. Vegetation cover modified by urban expansion changed surface reflectance and influenced the surface energy balance. It is suggested that a large portion of energy absorbed in an urban area is likely to be converted to thermal energy that heating up is near the surface and emitted as longwave radiation.     

华侨建筑形态与宗族意义场所的重构 ——陈慈黉故居的建筑地理学研究

通过文献法和访谈法对陈慈簧故居建筑形态演变进行梳理,从建筑地理学视角探析建筑演变与社会文化构建之间的互动关系与作用机制。研究发现,故居的建筑形态演变与前美村的社会文化建构间的互动关系存在耦合关联,由于在建设之初、冲突和重构3个不同时期双方作用力量有所差异,因此两者所呈现的形态与关系亦有所不同,宗族意义场所是两者的交汇点,建筑形态表现其场所意义,时代特征推动故居场所意义经历从宣示家族荣耀与权力―试图规训宗族意志―展演宗族与地方文化的重构。侨乡建筑的时空叠合的性质以及由其文化内涵所产生的场所意义是人文地理研究值得关注的对象。     

舟山海雾特征及其对数值模式的初步订正

采用舟山海域1962—2015年的4个气象观测站资料、2014—2015年2 a的逐时自动气象数据和浮标站数据,统计分析了舟山海雾特征,结果表明:海雾总是在大尺度背景条件和一定的气象水文条件下发生;海雾春季最多,秋季最少,一天中多发生在夜间和早晨,又以下半夜到早晨最多,雾散一般在11∶00以后;海雾按天气形势可分4型,不同类型其季节变化和日变化存在差异;浓雾发生的要素特征为,气温5~27℃,海温9~27℃,气温露点差0~4℃,90%的浓雾发生在2 m相对湿度≥95%、气海温差-3.7~3.2℃时,浓雾风向主要落在东南风和偏南风之间,平均风力一般在1~5级;利用要素阈值对WRF能见度模式进行订正检验,发现对提高浓雾的定性预报准确率有较明显的作用。     

1958～2019年漠河市气温及降水突变分析

采用集合经验模分解（ensemble empirical mode decomposition, EEMD）以及滑动t检验方法,基于漠河市1958～2019年逐日气温及降水数据,对其进行了趋势及突变分析。结果表明,漠河市日平均温度年平均整体呈增温趋势,EEMD非线性增温速率为0.43°C (10 a)－1,滑动t检验显示漠河市近60年来年均温突变时间点为20世纪80年代中后期;漠河市日最高温度年平均呈增温趋势,EEMD非线性增温速率为0.61°C (10 a)－1,滑动t检验显示漠河市近60年来日最高温年平均突变时间点为20世纪80年代中后期;漠河市日最低温年平均变化趋势为先增加后减小,整体呈增温趋势,EEMD非线性增温速率为0.21°C (10 a)－1,滑动t检验显示漠河市近60年来日最低温年平均突变时间点为20世纪80年代前中期和20世纪90年代中后期。漠河市年降雨量、夜间年降雨量和白天年降雨量均呈先减后增的变化趋势,且增加幅度远高于减小幅度,整体呈增加趋势,EEMD非线性降雨量增加速率分别为14.05 mm (10 a)－1、7.71 mm (10 a)－1和5.12 mm (10 a)－1,滑动t检验显示漠河市近60年来年降雨量、夜间年降雨量和白天年降雨量均不存在时间突变点;EEMD和线性趋势分析均表明漠河市近60年来气温和降水都均呈增加趋势,但前者增加速率远高于后者,说明传统的线性趋势分析可能会低估漠河市的气温及降水的增加趋势。