On the coupling of uncoupled flow and transport solvers

The coupling of flow and transport solvers we are dealing with in this paper represents a whole intermediate processing step taking place between the two. We develop new techniques to ensure mass conservation of the transport while using totally different numerical schemes in the flow and in the transport solvers. We also present a method which allows the use of larger time steps for the transport computation than the one used for the flow leading therefore to faster computations and considerable reduction in disk space for the storage of flow data. These techniques are applied and tested in the numerical application of 2D and 3D problems.     

Multivariate statistical analysis and environmental isotopes of Amman/Wadi Sir (B2/A7) groundwater,Yarmouk River Basin,Jordan

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster and factor analyses were applied on the Amman/Wadi Sir groundwater chemistry, Yarmouk River basin, north Jordan. The main objective was to investigate the main processes affecting the groundwater chemical quality and its evolution. The k‐means cluster analysis yields three groups with distinct ionic concentrations. Cluster 1 comprises the vast majority of the sampled wells, and the water that belongs to this cluster can be classified as freshwater. Cluster 2 comprises only 2% of the sampled wells; it has the highest ionic concentration. The water of this cluster can be classified as brackish water. Cluster 3 involves 23% of the sampled wells, and it has total ionic concentration intermediate to that of clusters 1 and 2. Factor analysis yields a three‐factor model, which explains 76.77% of the groundwater quality variation. Factor 1 ‘salinity factor’ involves EC, Na⁺, Cl^‐, SO₄^‐2, K⁺ and Mg⁺² and reflects groundwater salinization because of overpumping. Factor 2 ‘hardness factor’ includes Ca⁺², HCO₃^‐ and the pH value and signifies soil–water/rock interaction. Factor 3 ‘nitrate factor’ involves only NO₃^‐ and points to groundwater contamination because of human activities, mainly untreated wastewater, and crops and animal cultivation in the unconfined portion of the aquifer. Factors 1 and 3 can be described as human‐induced factors, whereas factor 2 can be described as geogenic factor. Factors' scores were mapped to deduce the controlling processes on the groundwater chemistry. Stable isotope composition of ¹⁸O and ²H has revealed that the groundwater is a mixture of two water types. The radioactive isotopes tritium and ¹⁴ C were used to evaluate present day recharge to the aquifer and to estimate the groundwater age, respectively. Present day recharge to the groundwater is taking place in the unconfined portion of the aquifer as it is indicated by the measurable tritium content and low groundwater age. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on experiment and calculation of foam bursting device

This research presents experimental data on mechanical foam bursting device,based on the high speed of air fluid impinging insidethe foam bursting device,foam bubbles disrupted as a consequence of pressures changed very quickly as shear force and their impact forces.Experimental data on foam-bursting capacity have been presented.Designed device can provide effective foam bursting on collapse foam.     

Research on experiment and calculation of foam bursting device

This research presents experimental data on mechanical foam bursting device, based on the high speed of air fluid impinging insidethe foam bursting device, foam bubbles disrupted as a consequence of pressures changed very quickly as shear force and their impact forces. Experimental data on foam-bursting capacity have been presented. Designed device can provide effective foam bursting on collapse foam.     

Estimating maximum magnitude earthquakes in Iraq using extreme value statistics

Summary. Extreme value theory is used to estimate maximum magnitude earthquakes in Iraq (29–38°N, 39–48°E). The seismicity file for the period 1905–1982 is used to determine the recurrence relationship as well as the parameters of Gumbel types I and III asymptotic distributions.
The statistical parameters are estimated by both least squares and maximum likelihood techniques. Results show that although the least squares upper magnitude is closer in value to actual earthquake magnitude, the maximum likelihood approximation to the third distribution appears to show a better overall fit to the data sample. This result is reflected in the calculated probability of occurrence of earthquake risk over various design periods.     

Seismic intensity zoning and earthquake risk mapping in Iraq

The recently published Iraqi earthquake data file over the period 1905–1984 is used to derive a local I _o -M _s formula. This is then combined with a local intensity attenuation relationship to compile the observed I _o (MM) zoning map for Iraq. Earthquake risk is calculated using the log N (M _s )relation for selected design magnitudes and periods and is mapped as the (%) probability of occurrence using a 0.5 deg latitude/longitude grid system. It is observed that the intensity zones and contour distributions are highly influenced by the presence of large magnitude shocks while risk maps reveal the Tauros seismogenic zone as having a greater risk of occurrence than the Zagros zone. The compiled zoning maps are intended for the use of local practising engineers for earthquake-resistant design procedures that are currently being adopted in the country.