Hypoxia in the East China Sea: one of the largest coastal low-oxygen areas in the world

Anoxia and hypoxia have been widely observed in estuarine and coastal regions over the past few decades; however, few reports have focused on the East China Sea (ECS). In June and August 2003, two cruises sampled at stations covering almost the entire shelf of the ECS to examine hypoxic events and their potential causes. In August, DO concentrations <2-3 mg l(-1) covered an area estimated at greater than 12,000 km(2) (or 432 km(3) volume). In contrast, water column DO concentrations exceeded 4 mg l(-1) throughout most of the shelf region. A sharp density gradient was observed under the mixed layer in August, restricting vertical re-aeration across this strong pycnocline. Oxygen depletion events, such as that described here for the ECS shelf, are fueled by decomposition of newly produced marine and river-borne biogenic substances (as well as older residual organic matter) deposited to the bottom waters.     

丹凤地区秦岭岩群片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄:北秦岭地体中-新元古代岩浆作用和早古生代变质作用的记录

秦岭岩群被认为是出露于北秦岭地体内最古老的前寒武纪基底岩石,记录了北秦岭造山带的地壳形成和演化历史。本文报道丹凤-西峡地区五件秦岭岩群片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄结果,限定其形成和变质时代,探讨北秦岭地体的构造归属。定年结果表明,岩浆成因锆石颗粒的年龄集中在1400～1600Ma左右和850～950Ma左右,记录两期主要岩浆活动。6粒锆石具有变质成因特征,低Th/U比值(0.03),206Pb/238U年龄变化在510～465Ma之间,加权平均值477±18Ma。这一古生代变质叠加时代与北秦岭地体南北缘高压变质作用时代基本一致,说明秦岭岩群遭受到北秦岭造山带俯冲-碰撞造山过程的变质作用。秦岭岩群主要形成于中元古代晚期至新元古代早期,基底岩石缺乏早元古代和太古代岩浆活动的记录。在岩浆作用时代上,北秦岭地体与广泛发育新元古代中-晚期岩浆作用的扬子陆块北缘有差别,也不同于晚太古代-早元古代的华北陆块南缘,可能是中-新元古代形成的独立微陆块。     

Enhancement of biological productivity by internal waves: observations in the summertime in the northern South China Sea

Streaks of elevated concentrations of surface chlorophyll a (Chl_a) of various spacing were found to be associated with internal waves in their transmission zone and dissipation zone in the summertime in the deep open northern South China Sea. At an anchored station in the dissipation zone north of the Dongsha Atoll with a water depth of ca. 600?m, undulations of the mixed layer depth with an amplitude of ca. 30?m and a periodicity of ca. 12?h were observed, and they were accompanied by similar undulation in the isotherm and isopleth of the nutrients. These observations are consistent with the enhancement of vertical mixing by internal waves and the resulting transfer of cold, nutrient-rich subsurface water to the surface mixed layer to fuel biological productivity. In the transmission zone and dissipation zone, respectively, the summertime (May–October) average sea surface temperature was 0.5 and 0.8?°C lower and Chl_a was 19 and 43?% higher than those in a nearby subregion that was minimally affected by internal waves. The mean net primary productivity was elevated by 15 and 37?%. These results indicate that the enhancement of biological activity by internal waves is not confined to the shallow waters on the shelf. The effect can be detected in all phases of the internal waves although it may be especially prominent in the dissipation zone where mixing between subsurface and surface waters is more effective.     

Efficient trapping of organic carbon in sediments on the continental margin with high fluvial sediment input off southwestern Taiwan

Accumulation rates of marine and terrigenous organic carbon in the continental margin sediments off southwestern Taiwan were estimated from the measured concentrations and isotopic compositions of total organic carbon (TOC) and previously reported sedimentation rates. Surficial sediments were collected from the study area spanning from the narrow shelf near the Kaoping River mouth to the deep slope with depths reaching almost 3000 m. The average sediment loading of Kaoping River is 17 Mt/yr, which yields high sediment accumulation rates ranging from 0.08 to 1.44 g cm⁻² yr⁻¹ in the continental margin. About half of the discharged sediments were deposited on the margin within 120 km of the river mouth. Carbon isotopic compositions of terrestrial and marine end-members of organic matter were determined, respectively, based on suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from three major rivers in the southwestern Taiwan and from an offshore station. All samples were analyzed for the TOC content and its isotopic composition (δ¹³C_org). The SPM samples were also analyzed for the total nitrogen (TN) content. TOC content in marine sediments ranges from 0.45% to 1.35% with the highest values on the upper slope near the Kaoping River mouth. The TOC/TN ratio of the SPM samples from the offshore station is 6.8±0.6, almost identical to the Redfield ratio, indicating their predominantly marine origin; their δ¹³C_org values are also typically marine with a mean of −21.5±0.3‰. The riverine SPM samples exhibit typical terrestrial δ¹³C_org values around −25‰. The δ¹³C_org values of surficial sediments range from −24.8‰ to −21.2‰, showing a distribution pattern influenced by inputs from the Kaoping River. The relative contributions from marine and terrestrial sources to sedimentary organic carbon were determined by the isotope mixing model with end-member compositions derived from the riverine and marine SPM. High fluvial sediment inputs lead to efficient trapping of organic carbon over a wide range of water depth in this continental margin. The marine organic accumulation rate ranges from 1.6 to 70 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ with an area weighted mean of 4.2 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, which is on a par with the mean terrestrial contribution and accounts for 2.3% of mean primary production. The depth-dependent accumulation rate of marine organic carbon can be simulated with a function involving primary productivity and mineral accumulation rate, which may be applicable to other continental margins with high sedimentation rates. Away from the nearshore area, the content of terrigenous organic carbon in surficial sediments decreases with distance from the river mouth, indicating its degradation in marine environments.     

基于声发射实验结果讨论大震前地震活动平静现象的机制

基于岩石变形声发射实验结果讨论了大震前地震活动平静现象的机制。在双轴压缩、等位移速率加载条件下 ,挤压型雁列断层、含宏观凹凸体断层、Ⅲ型剪切断层等非连续断层在临近滑动失稳前 ,声发射活动均出现了明显的相对平静现象 ,表现为声发射事件的发生率和应变能释放水平显著降低。与此阶段相对应 ,断层带 (特别是非连续部位上新形成的一小段断层 )发生了蠕滑和匀阻化作用 ,并使得标本的差应力开始下降。根据实验结果提出 ,大地震前断层的“蠕滑 -匀阻化”过程是造成地震活动平静现象的可能机制     

铜陵狮子山地区中酸性侵入岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及岩浆作用的深部过程

铜陵狮子山地区中酸性侵入岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明,白茫山辉石二长闪长岩、鸡冠山和大团山石英二长闪长岩以及胡村花岗闪长岩的年龄分别为:138.21 ±0.82Ma、139.9 ±1.1Ma、139.3 ±1.2Ma和140.9 ±1.2Ma.岩浆侵位顺序为花岗闪长岩→石英二长闪长岩→辉石二长闪长岩.根据锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄变化范围,推测该区岩浆活动持续的时间约为15Ma,且岩浆属脉动式多次侵位,后期岩浆侵位的热使早期岩体中已结晶的锆石发生熔解、重结晶,形成新的锆石.地下深部岩浆活动频繁,形成了多级岩浆房,使得本区的莫霍面界线不明显.     

微区-微量样品Rb-Sr同位素分析技术及其应用前景

利用微钻取样技术和微量样品Rb-Sr同位素分析方法,本文对出露在东秦岭造山带的中生代合峪花岗岩的自形钾长石巨晶进行微区-微量样品Rb-Sr同位素组成分析。分析结果表明,钾长石斑晶具有显著的Rb/Sr比值和Sr同位素组成变化,斑晶和基质钾长石均构成年龄为132~133Ma的Rb-Sr等时线,代表岩浆的后期冷却时代。钾长石晶体的初始⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值由边缘相到中心相没有明显的变化,代表花岗质岩浆结晶阶段的Sr同位素组成,暗示合峪花岗岩的钾长石巨晶为原生成因。以高空间分辨率为特征,微区取样技术已经广泛地应用在变质岩和深成岩浆岩的同位素年代学和成因研究。结合微量样品同位素分析技术,微区-微量样品Rb-Sr同位素方法有望在火山岩的成因和年代学方面得到应用。     

水对下地壳基性岩脆塑性转化影响的实验研究

研究表明 ,干的基性下地壳处于半脆性摩擦与半脆性流变的过渡状态 ,因此 ,文中采用多种基性岩样品进行了干的和含水基性岩的脆塑性转化实验 ,以深入理解大陆下地壳的力学性质。实验围压 4 5 0～ 5 0 0MPa ,应变速率 1× 1 0 - 4s- 1。实验结果表明 ,济南辉长岩 (样品C)、延庆辉绿岩 (样品D)和含水辉绿岩从 30 0℃到 90 0℃经历了脆性破裂、碎裂流动、半脆性流动和塑性流动几个变形域 ,而细粒攀枝花辉长岩 (样品A)和中细粒攀枝花辉长岩 (样品B)从 70 0℃到 90 0℃经历了半脆性流动和塑性流动 2个变形域。干的辉长岩样品比干的辉绿岩样品发生脆延性转化的温度高 1 0 0℃ ;所有干的基性岩样品的脆塑性转化都发生在 70 0℃ ,但半脆性流动域变形微观结构有差别 ,辉绿岩中斜长石和辉石发生了细粒化 ,并存在强烈的定向 ,形成初糜棱岩结构 ,辉长岩样品的细粒化和定向特征不明显。干的基性岩在以位错滑移为主的高温塑性流变域的强度和微观结构基本相同。水对基性岩脆塑性转化的影响体现在岩石的强度和脆延性与脆塑性的转化温度两方面。在实验温度范围内 ,含水辉绿岩样品的强度远小于干的辉绿岩和辉长     

THE PROCESS OF MAKING 3D VECTOR SCENOGRAPH OF ANCIENT BUILDING WITH LARGE QUANTITIES OF DATA

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Robust design of microbubble drag reduction in a channel flow using the Taguchi method

This study attempts to obtain optimum parametric levels for robust design of the microbubble drag reduction in a turbulent channel flow. This work was carried out experimentally by measuring the frictional resistance on the upper wall of the channel to analyze the efficiency of drag reduction. Considering the mean flow speed as an indicative factor, several controllable factors that influence the effect of microbubble drag reduction were investigated in this work by using the Taguchi method. The controllable factors in this study were the amount of air injected, area of air injection, and microbubble size. For the condition of optimum parametric levels, the effect of drag reduced could reach up to 21.6%.