On underwater sound scattering by surface waves

An angular-scattering approach is outlines that provides insight into some of the elementary acoustics involved in the perturbation theory. In the past, the comparison of predictions with experiment has been based mainly on propagation-loss measurements in surface ducts. Here the absorption is subtracted from total attenuation and the remainder is ascribed to scatter loss     

Laboratory investigation of nonlinear phenomena in wind-wavegeneration

Wind-wave generation was investigated experimentally by seeding with mechanically generated waves. The nonlinear phenomena observed include initial quasi-coherent amplification, subsequent erratic lock-on behavior, and weak trends toward period and frequency doubling. The results indicate that synergetic wave-wind feedback is an important part of the growth mechanism     

Experimental investigation of the wave-interaction mechanism forambient noise

An experimental investigation of the wave-interaction mechanism for wind-generated ambient noise is presented. Predictions based on dispersion theory for frequencies above 10 Hz fall below experimental data and do not account for wind-speed dependence. The discrepancy may rest either in the linear wave-model or the mechanism. Laboratory measurements of wind waves show low spatial coherence and no evidence of dispersion at high frequencies, suggesting that the surface dynamics are more like convective turbulence than linear waves. While spectral estimates based on this model do not yet account for field data, the effects of nonlinear phenomena noted in the experiments remain to be examined