The log-normal distribution for hydraulic conductivity of compacted clays: Two or three parameters?

Risk and uncertainty assessments for waste containment systems employing clay barriers often include spatial variability in the hydraulic conductivity as part of the analysis. The two-parameter log-normal distribution is often used to describe the spatial variability, but for compacted clays the three-parameter form can be more appropriate. A statistical hypothesis test was developed that can be used to determine if the two- or three-parameter form of the log-normal distribution is more appropriate. The test is based on a likelihood ratio, comparing likelihood functions for the two- and three-parameter forms at their maximums. Likelihood functions are used assuming that a data set can be segregated into a set of distinct groups of hydraulic conductivities. A step-by-step calculation procedure is described and the test is applied to data collected from 45 sites.     

地震模拟振动台振动对建筑物中人体的舒适感的影响分析

本文给出了一种地震模拟振劝台振运对建筑物中人体的舒适感影响的分析方法，并结合实例进行了具体分析。文中给出的分析方法和实例计算结果对于地震馆的设计有一定参考价值。     

一个有限区域中尺度模式的设计及预报试验

以一个６层原始方程模式的基本动力学框架为基础，设计了一个对物理过程考虑得较全面的中尺度原始方程模式。该模式采用（ｘ，ｙ，σ）坐标系；大气上界取为１０ｈＰａ，提供多种水平边界条件；水平和垂直分辨率均可调；降水方案包括大尺度降水和深厚积云对流降水；地面温度的计算采用地面热量收支方程；考虑了地气和海气交换作用；垂直交换系数的计算采用Ｌｉｏｕｉｓ格式；水平扩散采用二阶形式和四阶形式相结合的方案，扩散系数是网格点位置和风场的函数；积分方案采用经济的中央差格式。在水平格距取８０ｋｍ，垂直方向不等距地分为１６层的分辨率条件下，利用该模式进行逐个个例预报试验。结果表明，模式计算稳定，能较好地报出主要的天气形势，预报的降水也较接近实际。文中给出了一些检验指标的统计结果。还在预报能力及模式特性方面与原６层模式进行了对比。     

张家界地貌风光及其产业导向

用遥感技术对张家界地貌进行了研究,分析了张家界地貌的产业导向和开发效益,提出了进一步发展的举措。     

塔中石炭系碎屑岩深埋藏优质储层成因探讨

塔中地区石炭系碎屑岩为一套次生－原生孔隙型深埋藏优质储层。储集岩为中细粒－细粒石英砂岩，储层形成于古地温梯度低、沉积物浅埋时间长、深埋时间短、孔隙水矿化度高及较早被油气占居的条件下，致使原生孔隙保存较好。同时，塔中地区石炭系目前刚进入８０℃－１２０℃的强溶成岩阶段，次生孔隙正在发育，距离碳酸盐岩沉淀带和后期石英次生加大带尚有较大深度，因而储层的孔渗性维持在最佳状态。     

Research on Relationship Between Fluorine in Tap Water and That in Urine of Chinese Residents

In this study, the relationship between fluorine in drinking water and that in urine of urban residents in China is assessed. Fluorine concentrations in tap water and those in urine show a good correlation with a linear regression coefficient of 0. 9798, indicating that the fluorine concentrations in big cities under investigation are extremely low, and the main source of fluorine is tap water. The weather effect on the intake amount of fluorine is also discussed. When air temperature is above 15℃, people would intake more fluorine through drinking water with the rise of air temperature. When temperature is below 15℃, no remarkable relationship is observed between air temperature and the intake amount of fluorine. This phenomenon indicates that the main source of fluorine in China is tap water instead of foodstuff.     

邯郸市西部岩溶地下水的利用与开发

根据区域内岩溶地下水供需水现状，特别是通过对岩溶地下水最新开采动态资料分析，认为邯郸市西部岩溶水区尚具有一定的开发潜力，并提出了解决岩溶山区(革命老区)人畜用水的可行性和拦蓄滞洪、人工补给的有效途径，为地方经济持续发展提供决策依据，也可为北方类似岩溶地区所借鉴。     

栖霞金矿床成矿流体地球化学研究

栖霞金矿床是胶东地区产在变质岩中的石英脉型金矿床较典型的代表。该矿床属中低温热液矿床，成矿流体的盐度较低，气相成分以Ｈ２Ｏ，ＣＯ２为主；液相成分中Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋和Ｃｌ＾－的含量料高，相对贫Ｋ＾＋和Ｆ＾－，流体的成分与大气降水热液的相类似。     

Cracking mechanisms during galena mineralization in a sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ore deposit: case study of the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China

There are two types of lead–zinc ore bodies, i.e., sandstone-hosted ores (SHO) and limestone-hosted ores (LHO), in the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China. Structural analysis suggests that thrust faults and dome structures are the major structural elements controlling lead–zinc mineralization. The two types of ore bodies are preserved in two thrust sheets in a three-layered structural profile in the framework of the Jinding dome structure. The SHO forms the cap of the dome and LHO bodies are concentrated beneath the SHO cap in the central part of the dome. Quartz, feldspar and calcite, and sphalerite, pyrite, and galena are the dominant mineral components in the sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ores. Quartz and feldspar occur as detrital clasts and are cemented by diagenetic calcite and epigenetic sulfides. The sulfide paragenetic sequence during SHO mineralization is from early pyrite to galena and late sphalerite. Galena occurs mostly in two types of cracks, i.e., crescent-style grain boundary cracks along quartz–pyrite, or rarely along pyrite–pyrite boundaries, and intragranular radial cracks in early pyrite grains surrounding quartz clasts. The radial cracks are more or less perpendicular to the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries and do not show any overall (whole rock) orientation pattern. Their distribution, morphological characteristics, and geometrical relationships with quartz and pyrite grains suggest the predominant role of grain-scale cracking. Thermal expansion cracking is one of the most important mechanisms for the generation of open spaces during galena mineralization. Cracking due to heating or cooling by infiltrating fluids resulted from upwelling fluid phases through fluid passes connecting the SHO and LHO bodies, provided significant spaces for crystallization of galena. The differences in coefficients of thermal expansion between pyrite and quartz led to a difference in volume changes between quartz grains and pyrite grains surrounding them and contributed to cracking of the pyrite grains when temperature changed. Combined thermal expansion and elastic mismatch due to heating and subsequent cooling resulted in the radial and crescent cracking in the pyrite grains and along the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries.     

西藏南木林普洛岗岩体锆石定年和Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

对冈底斯中段南木林县普洛岗乡花岗岩岩体进行了原位锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析。2个花岗岩样品加权平均年龄分别为(44.3±1.1)和(44.5±1.1) Ma,代表该岩体的岩浆结晶年龄为始新世。岩石地球化学资料显示,花岗岩SiO₂质量分数为60.53％~65.28%,K₂O+Na₂O质量分数为6.53％~7.98%,Al₂O₃质量分数为15.52％~16.13%,铝饱和指数为0.86~0.91,属于准铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类。花岗岩轻稀土元素相对较富集,具有明显的Eu负异常,微量元素中亏损Nb、Ta、Ti和富集Rb、Th、U、Pb。锆石Hf同位素初始比值ε_Hf(t)值为8.8~11.1,¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf 为0.282 994~0.283 060,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为422~557 Ma,反映了其岩浆来源于新生地壳物质的部分熔融。普洛岗乡花岗岩的形成与新特提斯洋向北俯冲、俯冲板片折返断离有关。