Population dynamics and secondary production of the cockle Cerastoderma edule: A comparison between Merja Zerga (Moroccan Atlantic Coast) and Arcachon Bay (French Atlantic Coast)

Cockle (Cerastoderma edule) population dynamics were studied at the southern limit of the distribution of this marine bivalve in Merja Zerga, Morocco. Parameters such as growth, mortality, and production were compared with those of a population at Arcachon Bay (France) a site in the center of the cockle's range. At each sampling period between two and three cohorts were simultaneously observed at each site and the average total abundance was usually higher at Merja Zerga. Recruitment occurred at both sites in spring when temperature rose above 19 °C, independently of the month. In Merja Zerga, winter recruitment was also observed at one occasion, following high sediment disturbance. The first year (2005–06) at Merja Zerga, the mortality rate was close to nil for juveniles and was Z = 1.5 yr^? 1 for adults, providing a high production (64 g dry weight m^? 2 yr^? 1). At Arcachon during the same period, the juvenile mortality rate was Z = 10.9 yr^? 1, the adult mortality rate was 3.4 yr^? 1 and production was 26 gDW m^?2 yr^? 1. The second year (2006–07), mortality after recruitment was much higher (Z = 8.6 yr^? 1, for juveniles) and similar to what was observed at Arcachon (Z = 8.4 yr^? 1). Mortality rate of adults was higher at Merja Zerga (Z = 3.0 yr^? 1) than at Arcachon (Z = 1.5 yr^? 1). Production was lower at Arcachon than at Merja Zerga although growth performances were higher at Arcachon. The higher growth performance at Arcachon (Φ′ = 3.3) was mainly due to high asymptotic length (L_∞ = 38 mm) and was related to low intraspecific competition compared to Merja Zerga where cockle abundance was higher (Φ′ = 3.1, L_∞ = 31 mm). P/B was low in both sites and slightly higher at Arcachon (1.1–1.5 against 1.0–1.1 yr^? 1). At Arcachon, recruitment was correlated with temperature, a peak occurring when temperature rose above 19 °C (June–July). At Merja Zerga, recruitment was already 2–3 months earlier but was not significantly correlated to temperature.This study showed that population dynamics of cockles at the southern limit of this distribution fell in the range of what was observed elsewhere in the North-Eastern Atlantic coast. Most factors that were involved in population regulation (intraspecific competition, predation and sediment dynamics) were not strictly dependent on latitude. The direct role of temperature (latitude dependent factor) was not obvious. Variation in temperature could explain the recruitment delay between Arcachon and Merja Zerga and the low maximum shell length at Merja Zerga.     

Impact of shorebird predation on intertidal macroinvertebrates in a key North African Atlantic wintering site: an experimental approach

Shorebirds, as migratory aquatic birds and top predators in intertidal ecosystems, can be affected by global environmental changes and escalations in local impacts on coastal lagoons and estuarine trophic networks. Many shorebirds winter in North African Atlantic coastal sites, most likely because these locations provide constant and reliable food supplies with less energy costs in comparison with the wintering sites of northern Europe. Although more information is available for other important southern coastal sites (e.g. Saharan Atlantic coastal desert and Guinean mangroves coast), very little information is available for the North African Atlantic coast. Here, we focus on the impact of shorebird predation on benthic macroinvertebrates in a major wintering site in this area—Sidi Moussa coastal lagoon, Morocco—using an exclosure experiment. For most of the macroinvertebrate species there was no significant effect of the exclusion of shorebird predation. Overall, our results do not show evidence that predation by shorebirds influenced the overall standing biomass of the benthic community. This may indicate that the benthic productivity is high enough to provide constant and reliable food supplies for non-breeding shorebirds.