Assessing the Clock of Gaia: Design and Implementation of A Clock Framework Simulator

A powerful and highly configurable simulator of generic clock frameworks is presented and evaluated. This software tool was initially designed to test the reliability of clock data for the Gaia space mission. However, our application has been developed as much parameterized as possible in order to easily adapt it to any other space mission. The main goals of our software tool are to simulate the real performance of an atomic master clock, including the typical noises present in this kind of devices, and to check the reliability of the generation and distribution of clock sub-products. The latter, which are generated by other devices such as frequency multipliers and dividers, are also implemented in the simulator, as well as the corresponding transmission lines. In our simulator the clock outputs obtained from the several nodes of the framework can be displayed with the appropriate graphical tools, therefore easing the task of validating several design issues. Also, the parameters of the master clock and of all the framework devices, as well as the whole clock framework structure are entered using XML files, which can also be graphically verified. Finally, the accuracy and stability of the atomic clock which is expected to fly on-board of Gaia is assessed. We also discuss in depth the several issues regarding the time data products that Gaia will require and we characterize the most important elements.     

Studying the Dynamics of Wildfires in Russia in 2001–2020 Taking into Account Climatic Factors

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The features of large wildfires that occurred in Russia in 2001–2020 were studied on the base of satellite monitoring data. The contribution of...     

Satellite Monitoring of the Variability of Wildfire Areas and Emissions of Harmful Gas Components into the Atmosphere for Various Regions of Russia over a 20-Year Period

Doklady Earth Sciences - The multiannual variability of wildfire areas and volumes of emissions of carbon components (CO, CO2) and aerosol (PM2.5) caused by wildfires has been analyzed for the...     

Satellite Monitoring of Multiyear Wildfires and Related Emissions of Harmful Trace Gases into the Air Environment of Australia

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The results of wildfire satellite monitoring and estimates of the volumes of related emissions of CO and CO2 carbon-bearing trace gases and PM2.5 fine...     

Spacetime Distributions of Wildfire Areas and Emissions of Carbon-Containing Gases and Aerosols in Northern Eurasia according to Satellite-Monitoring Data

Based on online wildfire satellite-monitoring data, distributions of burned-out areas, as well as emission volumes of carbon-containing gases (СО and СО₂) and fine aerosols (РМ_2.5), for different regions and months in 2005–2016 (across the territory of Russia) and in 2010–2016 (northern Eurasia) are analyzed. Distinctive features of the seasonal behavior of wildfires and emission volumes of carbon-containing gases and fine aerosols for different regions of northern Eurasia are determined. It is shown that between 2005 and 2016 the annual area of territories burned out during wildfires in Russia decreased by almost a factor of 2.6 owing to early detection and suppression of fire sources. It is determined that in 2014–2016 the relative size of burned-out areas in Ukraine increased 6–9-fold and volumes of СО, СО₂, and РМ_2.5 emissions by more than a factor of 6.5–7.5 times when compared to earlier years and these characteristics for other European countries.     

Satellite Monitoring of Burnt-out Areas and Emissions of Harmful Contaminants Due to Forest and Other Wildfires in Russia

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - In this paper we summarize the results of the satellite monitoring of various types of wildfires, as well as emissions of carbon-containing the CO and...