Microstructures in type III events in the solar wind

A model is presented for the generation and evolution of bump-in-tail driven Langmuir waves in the solar wind during type III emission, which removes a number of apparent inconsistencies between theory and observations. It is argued that there must be localized enhancements of f _b /v by a factor of 10² over the measured average values. Growth rates and energy densities of Langmuir waves are, therefore, considerably enhanced, permitting growth to overcome linear scattering losses, and also allowing nonlinear decay into ion-acoustic waves, in line with observations. Estimates are made of the probability distribution p(E), of wave field strengths E, based on linear and nonlinear wave-packet evolution, yielding p(E) E ^–a, 3. This helps explain why very high values of E are rarely found in the measured spiky wave turbulence.     

Algorithmic techniques of identifying discriminative ocean areas in oceanology problems

A problem of locating and comprehensively investigating ocean areas that exercise a significant influence over the migration dynamics of fishing ranks among important problems of fisheries oceanology. Among all the environment factors affecting various fishery situations, factors should be chosen that are constantly logged on large water areas for a long time comparable with fishery observation time. As described in a number of works, the most suitable information for these purposes is data on the distribution of surface temperature fields. The problem of locating discriminative areas can then be stated as follows. For a particular fishery situation (e.g., for the period of maximum catch in fishing season), temperature values or thermostructural features should be singled out that are suitable to define the situation, using hydrological charts of surface temperature fields. Correlating the feature with the areas where they were observed, we will obtain discriminative areas. The important problem is then to develop techniques and means for algorithmically identifying areas. This relates to a vast volume of information and complex structure. Logical-mathematical models of locating discriminative areas are being developed at the Pacific Oceanological Institute for some years. These models are to be for forecasting fishery situations in the NW Pacific. Techniques for representing isotherm fields in a computer have been developed. Formal operations of comparing the fields have been proposed which aid in distinguishing significant differences in their structure. A software for analyzing isotherm fields has been developed based on threshold logic models. This approach allows one not only to identify discriminative areas for relatively stable fishery situations but also to trace their dynamics. This has been achieved due to multiple-alternative computations and the presentations of data obtained in the form suitable for their interpretation. Some components of proposed models have been used in the system of short-term forecasting saira and sardine fishery in the South-Kuril area.     

On reducing ambiguity in the interpretation of transient electromagnetic sounding data1

An attempt to resolve non-uniqueness in the interpretation of transient electromagnetic (TEM) sounding data using measured data alone is made. It is shown in the various examples studied that sufficiently early time measurements can be the determining factor in reducing the ambiguity caused by model equivalence. The early delay times thus play a dual role in transient soundings: they are responsible for resolving shallow structures and they may eliminate the ambiguity in the interpretation of geoelectric parameters of deeper targets. This is illustrated by the results of a follow-up TEM survey at the Dead Sea coast of Israel where the use of supplementary early time measurements allowed non-uniqueness in the determination of the depth to fresh/saline groundwater interface to be resolved.     

Intercomparison of stratospheric water vapor profiles obtained during the Balloon Intercomparison Campaign

The Balloon Intercomparison Campaign (BIC) was set up to intercompare remote sensing measurements of a number of compounds other than water vapor; however, water vapor has strong absorption features throughout the infrared and mm wave regions of the spectrum. Therefore many of the investigators involved in BIC have absorption or emission features due to water vapor in the data they obtained during the balloon flights made under the campaign. These features have been used by the investigators to determine the stratospheric water vapor profiles which are compared in this paper. The profiles allow comparison of a wide range of remote sensing techniques involving both emission and absorption in the mid-infrared and emission techniques in the far infrared.     

Channel constituents in beryl

The electronic absorption spectra of Fe²⁺ in non-chromium beryls are examined. Fe²⁺ in the Al-rich six-coordinate site produces absorption bands at about 820 nm and 970 nm polarizedE‖c. Fe²⁺ in the channel produces bands at 820 nm (⊥c) and 2100 nm (‖c). Some blue beryls which are more intensely colored than most aquamarines, have an absorption band at ～700 nm (‖c) which is suggested to arise from an Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ intervalence interaction. Fe²⁺ in both the six-coordinate site and the channel is identified in the Mössbauer spectra. The Mössbauer spectra of deep blue beryls are unusual and have not been satisfactorily explained. Color changes which accompany heating and irradiation are strongly influenced by the channel iron.     

Chlorinated cooling waters in the marine environment: Development of effluent guidelines

The effects of free chlorine and chloramine on stage I lobster larvae and juvenile killifish were investigated in continuous flow bioassay units. In comparing mortality and changes in standard respiration rates during and after exposure to either chlorine form, significant respiratory stress was observed with exposure to sublethal levels. Sublethal responses to free and combined chlorine should be considered when establishing regulations for chlorine residuals in cooling waters.     

Adaptive capacity in Tanzanian Maasailand: Changing strategies to cope with drought in fragmented landscapes

This study examines the ways in which the adaptive capacity of households to climatic events varies within communities and is mediated by institutional and landscape changes. We present qualitative and quantitative data from two Maasai communities differentially exposed to the devastating drought of 2009 in Northern Tanzania. We show how rangeland fragmentation combined with the decoupling of institutions and landscapes are affecting pastoralists’ ability to cope with drought. Our data highlight that mobility remains a key coping mechanism for pastoralists to avoid cattle loss during a drought. However, mobility is now happening in new ways that require not only large amounts of money but new forms of knowledge and connections outside of customary reciprocity networks. Those least affected by the drought, in terms of cattle lost, were those with large herds who were able to sell some of their cattle and to pay for private access to pastures outside of Maasai areas. Drawing on an entitlements framework, we argue that the new coping mechanisms are not available to all, could be making some households more vulnerable to climate change, and reduce the adaptive capacity of the overall system as reciprocity networks and customary institutions are weakened. As such, we posit that adaptive capacity to climate change is uneven within and across communities, is scale-dependent, and is intimately tied to institutional and landscape changes.