变降深抽水附近地下水非稳定运动的积分方程解

根据完整井变流量抽水附近地下水运动的解析解,利用积分方程的方法,推导出了水井水位降深以任意一种函数关系随时间变化时含水层中地下水非稳定运动积分方程形式的解,并提出了该积分解相应的近似计算方法.最后通过一个实例验证了该方法的实用性.     

Properties of the aftershocks sequences of the 2000 and 2002 earthquakes in Aksehir-Afyon graben,west-central Anatolia,Turkey

The b-value of the Gutenberg–Richter’s frequency–magnitude relation and the p-value of the modified Omori law, which describes the decay rate of aftershock activity, were investigated for more than 500 aftershocks in the Aksehir-Afyon graben (AAG) following the 15 December 2000 Sultandagi–Aksehir and the 3 February 2002 Çay–Eber and Çobanlar earthquakes. We used the Kandilli Observatory’s catalog, which contains records of aftershocks with magnitudes ≥2.5. For the Çobanlar earthquake, the estimated b-values for three aftershock sequences are in the range 0.34 ≤  b ≤ 2.85, with the exception of the one that occurred during the first hour (4.77), while the obtained p-values are in the range 0.44 ≤ p ≤ 1.77. The aftershocks of the Sultandagi earthquake have a high p-value, indicating fast decay of the aftershock activity. A regular increase of b can be observed, with b < 1.0 after 0.208 days for the Çay–Eber earthquake. A systematic and similar increase and decrease pattern exists for the b- and p-values of the Çobanlar earthquakes during the first 5 days.     

Dimensionality Reduction and Classification of Hyperspectral Images Using Object-Based Image Analysis

Object-based image analysis (OBIA) has attained great importance for the delineation of landscape features, particularly with the accessibility to satellite images with high spatial resolution acquired by recent sensors. Statistical parametric classifiers have become ineffective mainly due to their assumption of normal distribution, vast increase in the dimensions of the data and availability of limited ground sample data. Despite pixel-based approaches, OBIA takes semantic information of extracted image objects into consideration, and thus provides more comprehensive image analysis. In this study, Indian Pines hyperspectral data set, which was recorded by the AVIRIS hyperspectral sensor, was used to analyse the effects of high dimensional data with limited ground reference data. To avoid the dimensionality curse, principal component analysis (PCA) and feature selection based on Jeffries–Matusita (JM) distance were utilized. First 19 principal components representing 98.5% of the image were selected using the PCA technique whilst 30 spectral bands of the image were determined using JM distance. Nearest neighbour (NN) and random forest (RF) classifiers were employed to test the performances of pixel- and object-based classification using conventional accuracy metrics. It was found that object-based approach outperformed the traditional pixel-based approach for all cases (up to 18% improvement). Also, the RF classifier produced significantly more accurate results (up to 10%) than the NN classifier.     

A computation of the equation of state for a Fermi gas

Calculation of equation of state in stellar interiors becomes difficult as contained gas deviates from perfect gas. We present a method for the calculation of electron pressure in terms of density and temperature in the presence of degeneracy. The method is applicable forT<10⁹ K, and requires complete ionization.     

Sea level variability at Antalya and Mente? tide gauges in Turkey: atmospheric, steric and land motion contributions

Sea level trends and interannual variability at Antalya and Menteş tide gauges are investigated during the 1985–2001 period, quantifying the roles of atmospheric, steric and local land motion contributions. Tide gauge sea level measurements, temperature/salinity climatologies and GPS data are used in the analyses and the results are compared with the output of a barotropic model forced by atmospheric pressure and wind. The overall sea level trends at two tide gauges collocated with GPS are in the range of 5.5 to 7.9 mm/yr during the study period, but showing different behaviour in the sub-periods 1985–1993 and 1993–2001 due to variations in the contributing factors both in space and time. After the removal of the atmospheric forcing and steric contribution from sea level records, the resulting trends vary between 1.9 to 4.5 mm/yr in Antalya and −1.2 to −11.6 mm/yr in Menteş depending on the period considered. Vertical land movement estimated from GPS data seems to explain the high positive residual trend in Antalya during the whole period. On the other hand, the source of the highly negative sea level trend of about −14 mm/yr in Menteş during 1985–1993 could not be resolved with the available datasets. Interannual variability of wind and atmospheric pressure appear to dominate the sea level at both tide gauges during the study period. Atmospheric and steric contributions together account for ∼50% of the total sea level variance at interannual time scales. Mass induced sea level variations which were not considered in this study may help to close the sea level trend budgets as well as to better explain the interannual sea level variance.     

A study of regional gravity field recovery from GOCE vertical gravity gradient data in the Auvergne test area using collocation

Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) is the first satellite mission that observes gravity gradients from the space, to be primarily used for the determination of high precision global gravity field models. However, the GOCE gradients, having a dense data distribution, may potentially provide better predictions of the regional gravity field than those obtained using a spherical harmonic Earth Geopotential Model (EGM). This is investigated in Auvergne test area using Least Squares Collocation (LSC) with GOCE vertical gravity gradient anomalies (T_zz), removing the long wavelength part from EGM2008 and the short wavelength part by residual terrain modelling (RTM). The results show that terrain effects on the vertical gravity gradient are significant at satellite altitude, reaching a level of 0.11 E?tv?s unit (E.U.) in the mountainous areas. Removing the RTM effects from GOCE T_zz leads to significant improvements on the LSC predictions of surface gravity anomalies and quasigeoid heights. Comparison with ground truth data shows that using LSC surface free air gravity anomalies and quasi-geoid heights are recovered from GOCE T_zz with standard deviations of 11 mGal and 18 cm, which is better than those obtained by using GOCE EGMs, demonstrating that information beyond the maximal degree of the GOCE EGMs is present. Investigation of using covariance functions created separately from GOCE T_zz and terrestrial free air gravity anomalies, suggests that both covariance functions give almost identical predictions. However, using covariance function obtained from GOCE T_zz has the effect that the predicted formal average error estimates are considerably larger than the standard deviations of predicted minus observed gravity anomalies. Therefore, GOCE T_zz should be used with caution to determine the covariance functions in areas where surface gravity anomalies are not available, if error estimates are needed.     

A review on the research of modern aeolian dust in Central Asia

The Central Asian Arid Zone (CAAZ) located in the temperate desert belt of the Northern Hemisphere is one of the most important sources for global aeolian dust and aerosol. It is widely acknowledged that aeolian dust plays a vital role in the Earth system through participating in the energy and material budget of the planet. Except for the existed natural desert areas, the newly human-induced deserts that originally used to be the bed of terminal lakes (like the Aral Sea, Caspian Sea, Balkhash Lake, etc.) are becoming the much more significant sources for aeolian dust/salt in this region. Dust and associated aerosols have complex impacts on local ecological system and human health for its special chemical composition. In recent years, a slight declining trend of dust storm frequency in the region was reported, which may be explained by the weakened human disturbances in desert areas or climate variations. The dust dynamics in the CAAZ represent considerable variations in both spatial and temporal distribution, which makes it harder to forecast the dust events and mitigate its damages to ecosystems and social economics. Nevertheless, there is not much evidence of its climatic and environmental impacts both on the regional and global scales. Therefore, further related studies and regulation measures in the region are essential and emergent, as well as the strengthening cooperation between the associated countries and organizations.     

融合多源时序遥感数据大尺度不透水面覆盖率估算

不透水面信息是监测城市扩张及区域生态环境变化研究的重要指标,基于遥感技术对地表不透水面信息进行快速提取具有重要意义。传统大范围不透水面覆盖率估算模型主要基于单一遥感信息与不透水面比例之间的相关性,通过单因子回归模型实现不透水面覆盖率的估算。受限于单一遥感信息的信息量及普适性等影响,这类方法在大尺度不透水面提取中具有较大局限性,估算结果的区域适应性存在较大差异。针对该问题,本文提出基于多特征遥感信息进行不透水面估算的方法,以弥补单一特征在大范围不透水面提取中的不确定性。该方法首先以多时相MOD13Q1、MOD09A1产品、夜间灯光数据（NPP-VIIRS）和Landsat 8 OLI为遥感数据源,从不同角度构建突出不透水面信息的多个指数特征;在此基础上利用多元回归模型建立多因子不透水面覆盖率估算模型,进而实现大尺度不透水面覆盖率的遥感估算。本研究选择分布于全国范围内13个典型城市作为主要研究区对提出的模型进行了验证,结果表明：该方法能够适应不同区域不透水面覆盖率的估算,在复杂城市区域表现出较传统方法更好的效果,明显改善了城市内部不透水面覆盖率的估算精度。     

Spatial distributions of heating, cooling, and industrial degree-days in Turkey

Summary The degree-day method is commonly used to estimate energy consumption for heating and cooling in residential, commercial and industrial buildings, as well as in greenhouses, livestock facilities, storage facilities and warehouses. This article presents monthly and yearly averages and spatial distributions of heating, cooling, and industrial degree-days at the base temperatures of 18 °C and 20 °C, 18 °C and 24 °C, and 7 °C and 13 °C, respectively; as well as the corresponding number of days in Turkey. The findings presented here will facilitate the estimation of heating and cooling energy consumption for any residential, commercial and industrial buildings in Turkey, for any period of time (monthly, seasonal, etc.). From this analysis it will also be possible to compare and design alternative building systems in terms of energy efficiencies. If one prefers to use set point temperatures to indicate the resumption of the heating season would also be possible using the provided information in this article. In addition, utility companies and manufacturing/marketing companies of HVAC systems would be able to easily determine the demand, marketing strategies and policies based on the findings in this study.