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A method of structural damage identification using harmonic excitation force is presented. It considers the effects of both measurement and modelling errors in the baseline finite element model. Damage that accompanies changes in structural parameters can be estimated for a damaged structure from the change between measured vibration responses and ones calculated from the analytical model of the intact structure. In practice, modelling errors exist in the analytical model due to material and geometric uncertainties and a reduction in the degrees of freedom as well as measurement errors, making identification difficult. To surmount these problems, bootstrap hypothesis testing, which enables statistical judgment without information about these errors, was introduced. The method was validated by numerical simulation using a three‐dimensional frame structure and real vibration data for a three‐storey steel frame structure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Tetsu Nakamura Masayuki Hara Miki Oshika Yoshihiro Tachibana 《Climate Dynamics》2015,45(11-12):3547-3562
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Abstract We carried out hydrothermal experiments in the system dolomite‐quartz‐H2O to track the temporal change in reaction rates of simultaneous reactions during the development of reaction zones. Two types of configurations for the starting materials were prepared: dolomite single crystals + quartz powder + water and quartz single crystals + dolomite powder + water, both sealed separately in gold capsules. Runs at 0.1GPa and 600°C with cold seal pressure vessels gave the following results. (i) In short duration (45–71 h) runs metastable layer sequences involving wollastonite and talc occur in the reaction zone, whereas they disappear in longer duration (168–336 h) runs. (ii) The layer sequence of the reaction zones in short duration runs differs from place to place on the dolomite crystal even in the same run. (iii) The diversity of layer sequences in the short duration runs merges into a unique layer sequence in the longer duration runs. (iv) The reaction zone develops locally on the dolomite crystal, but no reaction zone was observed on the quartz crystal in any of the runs. The lines of evidence (i)–(iii) show that the system evolves from an initial transient‐ to a steady‐state and that the kinetic effect is important in the development of reaction zones. A steady diffusion model for the unique layer sequence Qtz/Di/Fo + Cal/Dol + Cal/Dol shows that the Dol + Cal layer cannot be formed by diffusion‐controlled process and that the stability of the layer sequence Qtz/Di/Fo + Cal/Dol depends not only on L‐ratios (a = /LCaOCaO and b = /LMgOMgO) but also on the relative rate P = (−2ξ1 − ξ2)/(–ξ1 − 2ξ2) of competing reactions: Dol + 2Qtz = Di + 2CO2 (ξ1) and 2Dol + Qtz = Fo + 2Cal + 2CO2 (ξ2). For smaller P the stability field will shift to higher values of a and b. The steady diffusion model also shows that the apparent‐non‐reactivity on the quartz surface can be attributed to void formation in a large volume fraction in the diopside layer. 相似文献
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Sanae Koizumi Takehiko Hiraga Chihiro Tachibana Miki Tasaka Tomonori Miyazaki Tamio Kobayashi Asako Takamasa Naoki Ohashi Satoru Sano 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2010,37(8):505-518
Synthesized mineral powders with particle size of <100 nm are vacuum sintered to obtain highly dense and fine-grained polycrystalline
mantle composites: single phase aggregates of forsterite (iron-free), olivine (iron containing), enstatite and diopside; two-phase
composites of forsterite + spinel and forsterite + periclase; and, three-phase composites of forsterite + enstatite + diopside.
Nano-sized powders of colloidal SiO2 and highly dispersed Mg(OH)2 with particle size of ≤50 nm are used as chemical sources for MgO and SiO2, which are common components for all of the aggregates. These powders are mixed with powders of CaCO3, MgAl2O4, and Fe(CO2CH3)2 to introduce mineral phases of diopside, spinel, and olivine to the aggregates, respectively. To synthesize highly dense
composites through pressureless sintering, we find that calcined powders should be composed of particles that have: (1) fully
or partially reacted to the desired minerals, (2) a size of <100 nm and (3) less propensity to coalesce. Such calcined powders
are cold isostatically pressed and then vacuum sintered. The temperature and duration of the sintering process are tuned to
achieve a balance between high density and fine grain size. Highly dense (i.e., porosity ≤1 vol%) polycrystalline mantle mineral
composites with grain size of 0.3–1.1 μm are successfully synthesized with this method. 相似文献
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We use the coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model ECHAM5/MPI-OM to investigate the transition from the present-day
climate to a modern Snowball Earth, defined as the Earth in modern geography with complete sea-ice cover. Starting from the
present-day climate and applying an abrupt decrease of total solar irradiance (TSI) we find that the critical TSI marking
the Snowball Earth bifurcation point is between 91 and 94% of the present-day TSI. The Snowball Earth bifurcation point as
well as the transition times are well reproduced by a zero-dimensional energy balance model of the mean ocean potential temperature.
During the transition, the asymmetric distribution of continents between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere causes heat
transports toward the more water-covered Southern Hemisphere. This is accompanied by an intensification of the southern Hadley
cell and the wind-driven subtropical ocean cells by a factor of 4. If we set back TSI to 100% shortly before the transition
to a modern Snowball Earth is completed, a narrow band of open equatorial water is sufficient for rapid melting. This implies
that for 100% TSI the point of unstoppable glaciation separating partial from complete sea-ice cover is much closer to complete
sea-ice cover than in classical energy balance models. Stable states can have no greater than 56.6% sea-ice cover implying
that ECHAM5/MPI-OM does not exhibit stable states with near-complete sea-ice cover but open equatorial waters. 相似文献
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Aiko Furukawa Robin Spence Yutaka Ohta Emily So 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2010,8(2):451-479
Collapse of adobe buildings during an earthquakes with various earthquake intensities is analyzed using the 3-dimensional
distinct element method code developed by the first author. Firstly, we evaluate structural damage with damage index, interior-space
damage with w score, and human casualties in the collapsing buildings with three casualty criteria. Secondly, we investigate
relationships between the earthquake intensity, the structural damage, the interior-space damage, and the casualties. It is
found that the casualties have stronger correlation with the interior-space damage than the structural damage, and three vulnerability
functions, namely, structural, interior-space and casualty vulnerability functions, are proposed. Effects of reinforcing methods
on these functions are also examined. Finally, a series of analytical procedures to develop vulnerability functions and to
estimate casualties using the functions are described. 相似文献
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Shogo Tachibana Shinnosuke Tamada Haruka Kawasaki Kazuhito Ozawa Hiroko Nagahara 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2013,40(6):511-519
The interdiffusion coefficient of Mg–Fe in olivine (D Mg–Fe) was obtained at 1,400–1,600 °C at the atmospheric pressure with the oxygen fugacity of 10?3.5–10?2 Pa using a diffusion couple technique. The D Mg–Fe shows the anisotropy (largest along the [001] direction and smallest along the [100] direction), and its activation energy (280–320 kJ/mol) is ~80–120 kJ/mol higher than that estimated at lower temperatures. The D Mg–Fe at temperatures of >1,400 °C can be explained by the cation-vacancy chemistry determined both by the Fe3+/Fe2+ equilibrium and by the intrinsic point defect formation with the formation enthalpy of 220–270 kJ/mol depending on the thermodynamical model for the Fe3+/Fe2+ equilibrium in olivine. The formation enthalpy of 220–270 kJ/mol for the point defect (cation vacancy) in olivine is consistent with that estimated from the Mg self-diffusion in Fe-free forsterite. The increase in the activation energy of D Mg–Fe at >1,400 °C is thus interpreted as the result of the transition of diffusion mechanism from the transition metal extrinsic domain to the intrinsic domain at the atmospheric pressure. 相似文献
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The Japanese government is committed to resuming sustainable commercial whaling, both on the high seas and along the Japanese coastline. To this end scientific whaling programs are supported with public money and the byproducts of the catch are distributed to the public and utilized in a variety of ways. Here we review the policies which govern how these byproducts are disseminated within Japan, as well as how the population as a whole makes use of whale resources. Possibilities for the future, if and when the international moratorium on commercial whaling ends, are also discussed. 相似文献