Integrated Two-Dimensional Modeling of Fluid Flow and Compaction in a Sedimentary Basin

In this paper we employ mixed finite elements and numerically study an integrated two-dimensional model of fluid flow and compaction in a sedimentary basin. This model describes a single phase incompressible flow in a two-dimensional section of a sedimentary basin with vertical compaction. At each time step, an iterative algorithm is used to solve this model. The determination of the grid movement is based on the mass conservation and movement of sediments in the basin, while the mixed method is utilized to solve the fluid flow over the moving grid. Numerical experiments are presented to verify this iterative algorithm and show representative solutions for the model under consideration.     

A unified model for the formation and distribution of both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs

The discovery and large-scale exploration of unconventional oil/gas resources since 1980s have been considered as the most important advancement in the history of petroleum geology;that has not only changed the balance of supply and demand in the global energy market,but also improved our understanding of the formation mechanisms and distribution characteristics of oil/gas reservoirs.However,what is the difference of conventional and unconventional resources and why they always related to each other in petroliferous basins is not clear.As the differences and correlations between unconventional and conventional resources are complex challenging issues and very critical for resources assessment and hydrocarbon exploration,this paper focused on studying the relationship of formations and distributions among different oil/gas reservoirs.Drilling results of 12,237 exploratory wells in 6 representative petroliferous basins of China and distribution characteristics for 52,926 oil/gas accumulations over the world were applied to clarify the formation conditions and genetic relations of different oil/gas reservoirs in a petroliferous basin,and then to establish a unified model to address the differences and correlations of conventional and unconventional reservoirs.In this model,conventional reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field with high porosity and permeability located above the boundary of hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit.Unconventional tight reservoirs formed in confined hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and permeability located between hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit and hydrocarbon accumulation depth limit.Shale oil/gas reservoirs formed in the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and ultra-low permeability within the source rock layers.More than 75%of proved reserves around the world are discovered in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field,which is estimated to contain only 10%of originally generated hydrocarbons.Most of undiscovered resources distributed in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field and the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field,which contains 90%of original generated hydrocarbons,implying a reasonable and promising area for future hydrocarbon explorations.The buried depths of hydrocarbon dynamic fields become shallow with the increase of heat flow,and the remaining oil/gas resources mainly exist in the deep area of“cold basin”with low geothermal gradient.Lithology changing in the hydrocarbon dynamic field causes local anomalies in the oil/gas dynamic mechanism,leading to the local formation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field or the occurrence of oil/gas enrichment sweet points with high porosity and permeability in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field.The tectonic movements destroy the medium conditions and oil/gas components,which leads to the transformation of conventional oil/gas reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field to unconventional ones or unconventional ones formed in confined and bound hydrocarbon dynamic fields to conventional ones.     

旅游者城市感知特征实证研究——以长沙市为例

在深入阐释国内外现有研究不足的基础上提出旅游者城市感知研究主题.以405份实地调查问卷为数据源,应用均值比较等统计方法分析旅游者对长沙城市感知特征.结果显示:旅游者对长沙城市总体正面感知较弱,感知系数为3.088;旅游者对长沙城市各变量的感知强度存在差异,对”地方演艺”、“现代建筑”、“城市古建筑”以及“购物商场”等城市指标感知强烈,对“公交系统”和“出租车系统”感知相对较弱.研究表明,旅游者城市感知特征实证研究对同等或同类城市具有普遍性的政策借鉴意义,有利于加强旅游发展与城市发展的协调控制,共同推动旅游者城市总体感知的提升,促进城市各要素建设的效益最大化.     

Adaptive generalized multiscale approximation of a mixed finite element method with velocity elimination

Computational Geosciences - In this paper, we propose offline and online adaptive enrichment algorithms for the generalized multiscale approximation of a mixed finite element method with velocity...     

Effect of fracture pressure depletion regimes on the dual-porosity shape factor for flow of compressible fluids in fractured porous media

A precise value of the matrix-fracture transfer shape factor is essential for modeling fluid flow in fractured porous media by a dual-porosity approach. The slightly compressible fluid shape factor has been widely investigated in the literature. In a recent study, we have developed a transfer function for flow of a compressible fluid using a constant fracture pressure boundary condition [Ranjbar E, Hassanzadeh H, Matrix-fracture transfer shape factor for modeling flow of a compressible fluid in dual-porosity media. Adv Water Res 2011;34(5):627-39. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.02.012]. However, for a compressible fluid, the consequence of a pressure depletion boundary condition on the shape factor has not been investigated in the previous studies. The main purpose of this paper is, therefore, to investigate the effect of the fracture pressure depletion regime on the shape factor for single-phase flow of a compressible fluid. In the current study, a model for evaluation of the shape factor is derived using solutions of a nonlinear diffusivity equation subject to different pressure depletion regimes. A combination of the heat integral method, the method of moments and Duhamel’s theorem is used to solve this nonlinear equation. The developed solution is validated by fine-grid numerical simulations. The presented model can recover the shape factor of slightly compressible fluids reported in the literature. This study demonstrates that in the case of a single-phase flow of compressible fluid, the shape factor is a function of the imposed boundary condition in the fracture and its variability with time. It is shown that such dependence can be described by an exponentially declining fracture pressure with different decline exponents. These findings improve our understanding of fluid flow in fractured porous media.     

大亚湾水体中溶解的碳水化合物

根据1985年10月至1986年8月对大亚湾进行的环境调查,本文报道海水中溶解的碳水化合物(DCHO)的调查结果,讨论了该海区DCHO的分布特征及季节性变化。对DCHO和叶绿素a、磷酸盐、溶解氧、颗粒有机碳、温度以及盐度之间进行了相关分析,综合探讨了影响D-CHO含量变化的因素。结果表明,浮游植物在大亚湾水体中DCHO的浓度调节方面起着主要的作用。     

The Age of the Old Transgression Sequence in the Pearl River Delta, China

<正>1 Introduction The Pearl River Delta(PRD)is located in the north coast area of the South China Sea(SCS).As one of the largest delta in China,only the two latest events among the several tens of eustatic fluctuations occurring in the Quaternary were recorded in almost whole area of the PRD.There has been consensus on the age of the younger transgression sequence,which was dated to the Holocenc and resulted from a postglacial sea level rise,while there     

Analysis of the pressure projection stabilization method for the Darcy and coupled Darcy–Stokes flows

In this paper, we systematically analyze the pressure projection stabilization method for the Darcy and coupled Darcy–Stokes flow problems in multiple dimensions. Stability results for this stabilization method are established. For the Darcy flow, optimal error estimates in the divergence norm for velocity and suboptimal error estimates in the $L^{2}$ -norm for pressure are obtained, and a superconvergence result for the pressure is derived; a local postprocessing scheme is constructed to generate optimal error estimates in the L ²-norm for pressure. For the coupled Darcy–Stokes flow, error estimates of optimal order are obtained in terms of the energy norm of velocity and pressure. Numerical results are presented to check the theory developed.     

晚更新世以来珠江三角洲地层层序再分析及新构造运动新认识

普遍认为珠江三角洲存在上、下两个海侵—海退旋回,对下旋回有30～50 ka(MIS3)和约120 ka(MIS5)之争.通过近1万个钻孔资料,提取了20余个典型钻孔岩心数据,运用生物地层学、年代地层学和层序地层学等方法,重新划分了层序及沉积相,并与深海氧同位素阶段进行对比,识别出SB3(基岩深度风化壳)、SB2(花斑黏土层2)和SB1(花斑黏土层1)等层序边界,分别对应于MIS6,4(或4～2),2等3次低海面期,并将三角洲沉积分出下、中、上3层.认为250 ka以来珠江三角洲最大平均下沉速率约为0.34 mm/a.下沉前,为星罗棋布的低矮山地+宽阔台地+"过路河"的亚热带准平原地貌景观,掀斜下沉后,被厚度不等的晚更新世以来松散沉积层覆盖.     

对珠江三角洲第四纪断裂运动的再认识

编制了珠江三角洲番禺台地东缘第四纪堆积阶地、陆域钻孔及海域地震探测等一系列联合剖面,分析了抬升区、下沉区和海陆之间的沉积差异和控制因素,剖析了地动型和水动型海平面变化对三角洲形成演化的影响,厘清了各组断裂的活动及其对三角洲沉积发育的影响,结果发现北东东向和北北西向2组断裂为珠江三角洲地区的主要活动断裂,它们共轭联动,控制着珠江三角洲沉积的格局和水道的变迁,尤其是北东东向断裂,可能是南海北部大陆架滨海断裂系的组成部分。相比而言,陆域断裂活动性较弱,以缓慢蠕动和断块的差异升降和掀斜为主,海域断裂活动性较强,滨海断裂带是危险性很高的活动大断裂。三角洲其他方向的断裂更新世以来无明显活动。