A Population Genetic Analysis of Continuously Selected Chlamys farreri Populations

This study applied an optimized one-step 2b-RAD library construction strategy and performed simplified genome sequencing of 539 individuals from three continuously selected Chlamys farreri populations. SNP screening was performed using RAD typing software and population genetic parameters for the continuously selected populations from three generations(G1, G2, G3) were determined. The results showed that the optimized one-step 2b-RAD library construction strategy greatly simplified the experimental process, making it suitable for efficiently constructing a large number of libraries. A total of 18450 SNP markers were identified, which evenly distributed throughout the genome. Population genetic analysis of these three generations showed that the mean value of observed heterozygosity was 0.275 ± 0.177, 0.272 ± 0.181 and 0.275 ± 0.166, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean value of expected heterozygosity was 0.275 ± 0.141, 0.274 ± 0.145 and 0.280 ± 0.133, respectively. The Wright's fixation index(F) was 0.04291, 0.04976 and 0.06685, respectively. Markers deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium accounted for 10.34%, 12.64%, and 23.11%, and the Shannon diversity index was 0.0999 ± 0.0404, 0.0921 ± 0.0388 and 0.0733 ± 0.0308. FIS(also known as the inbreeding coefficient) of the three populations was 0.0256, 0.0323 and 0.0468, respectively. We suggested that the 2b-RAD method is well suited to population genetic studies of aquacultured organisms. Moreover, our results indicated that the continuous selection affected the population genetic structure of the cultured Penglai-Red scallop, but the change was not significant; therefore, population selection should continue.     

Solar cycle distribution of strong solar proton events and the related solar-terrestrial phenomena

We investigated the solar cycle distribution of strong solar proton events (SPEs, peak flux ≥1000 pfu) and the solar-terrestrial phenomena associated with the strong SPEs during solar cycles 21–23. The results show that 37 strong SPEs were registered over this period of time, where 20 strong SPEs were originated from the super active regions (SARs) and 28 strong SPEs were accompanied by the X-class flares. Most strong SPEs were not associated with the ground level enhancement (GLE) event. Most strong SPEs occurred in the descending phases of the solar cycles. The weaker the solar cycle, the higher the proportion of strong SPES occurred in the descending phase of the cycle. The number of the strong SPEs that occurred within a solar cycle is poorly associated with the solar cycle size. The intensity of the SPEs is highly dependent of the location of their source regions, with the super SPEs (≥20000 pfu) distributed around solar disk center. A super SPE was always accompanied by a fast shock driven by the associated coronal mass ejection and a great geomagnetic storm. The source location of strongest GLE event is distributed in the well-connected region. The SPEs associated with super GLE events (peak increase rate ≥100%) which have their peak flux much lower than 10000 pfu were not accompanied by an intense geomagnetic storm.     

多特征融合的高分辨率影像建筑物变化检测

为充分发挥遥感影像中各特征的优势,提高遥感影像建筑物变化检测精度,基于面向对象的分析方法,提出了一种基于模糊集合的证据理论特征信息融合的变化检测方法。首先,在影像分割的基础上,利用变化矢量分析法分别计算前后时相对应对象的光谱、纹理特征差异及形态学建筑物指数差异;然后,以Sigmoid函数作为隶属度函数,计算对象属于变化类和非变化类的隶属度并以之构建证据理论所需的基本概率分配函数;最后,利用证据理论对多种特征进行融合并通过规则判定得到建筑物变化区域。利用不同地区影像的试验结果表明,该方法能够有效融合影像的多种特征,提高建筑物变化检测的精度。     

Discrete element method analysis of non‐coaxial flow under rotational shear

This study focuses on non‐coaxial flow behavior of cohesionless soil undergoing cyclic rotational shear, with a special interest in the effects of particle‐scale characteristics. To this end, we perform a series of 2D discrete element simulations with various particle shapes, inter‐particle coefficient of friction, initial density, and stress ratios. The validity and efficacy of the numerical model is established by systematically comparing numerical simulation results with existing laboratory testing results. Such comparison shows that the numerical simulations are capable of capturing mechanical behavior observed in laboratory testing under rotational shear. We further demonstrate and quantify a strong yet simple relationship between the deviatoric part of the normalized strain increment and the non‐coaxial angle, denoted by and ψ, respectively. This quantitative correlation between ψ and is independent of applied stress ratio, initial and current void ratio, and the number of cycles applied, but dependent on the principal stress orientation and particle‐scale characteristics. At the same , specimens with higher inter‐particle friction angle or smaller particle aspect ratio show greater non‐coaxial angles. A simple model is able to fit this ψ‐ relationship well, which provides a useful relationship that can be exploited in developing constitutive models for rotational shearing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

祁连山黑河径流变化特征及影响因素研究

基于黑河流域径流、气象和土地利用类型等资料,采用弹性系数等方法研究了黑河径流变化特征及影响因素。结果表明：（1） 1990年后黑河流域径流量增加趋势明显加速,并且在黑河干流表现最为明显,1957—1990年莺落峡站径流量增加速率为0.75×10⁸ m³·(10a)^-1,而1991—2020年其增加速率为2.60×10⁸ m³·(10a)^-1,后者是前者的3.47倍,并且黑河全流域1990年后径流量增加主要发生在夏季和秋季,较1990年前分别增加了7.07%和26.58%。（2） 径流对气候变化的响应在夏季最为敏感,并且降水是导致径流增多的主要气候因素,夏季降水量增多1.000%,同期径流量平均增多0.741%（P<0.01）。（3） 2020年较1980年黑河流域耕地和建设用地面积相对增幅分别为24.20%和71.43%;草地和未利用土地面积相对降幅分别为1.30%和5.28%。径流量与林地面积、建设用地面积呈正相关,而径流量与草地面积呈负相关。研究结果可以为黑河流域水资源的科学管理、优化配置和后续生态工程的实施提供参考。     

动力UH模型

针对砂土在动力荷载作用下所表现出的应力诱导各向异性,以改进后的UH超固结土模型为基础,采用旋转硬化规则将其扩展为可考虑与砂土应力应变关系的动本构模型。主要改进有3方面:(1)将形状固定的椭圆屈服面改变为可变屈服面,椭圆的形状由β来刻画,而β本身是椭圆旋转轴的大小,表示应力诱导各向异性程度的大小;(2)引入旋转硬化规则,使椭圆屈服面可围绕原点旋转以反映反向加载条件下的本构响应;(3)对统一硬化参数进行了修正,首先对潜在强度公式增加了一个参数α用来调节超固结应力比参数R对于潜在强度值的影响,其次针对应力诱导各向异性建立起能反映旋转硬化与等向硬化相协调的扩展统一硬化参数。模型预测与试验结果的对比以及有限元模拟表明:提出的动力统一硬化(DUH)模型能够简单、合理的描述与砂土在动力载荷下的本构关系,验证了所提模型的合理性。     

Modeling the combined effect of time and temperature on normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays

Acta Geotechnica - Clay is under the coupling influence of both time and temperature in some innovative geomechanical problems. Previous experimental researches have confirmed that time and...