华北板块东南缘徐淮推覆-褶皱带的物理模拟

徐淮地区发育一系列推覆-褶皱带,以皇藏峪背斜为界,区域剖面分为具有明显构造差异的东部、西部构造带,其中东部构造带样式主要表现为斜歪褶皱,西部构造带为一系列逆冲推覆构造,构造变形强烈。采用物理模拟手段对徐淮推覆-褶皱带构造的控制因素进行实验研究,选取硅胶、微玻璃珠模拟不同性质滑脱层,石英砂模拟沉积脆性盖层,改变盖层与基底摩擦力、滑脱层深度变化等控制因素。模拟结果表明,剖面上滑脱层性质及深度变化控制区域剖面构造的强弱变化。皇藏峪背斜以东主要以新元古界青白口系泥灰岩充当滑脱层,滑脱层深度大,构造样式主要表现为斜歪褶皱;皇藏峪背斜以西则以寒武系页岩为滑脱层,滑脱层深度小,构造样式主要表现为逆冲推覆构造。     

新疆别也萨麻斯矿区钽锰矿的矿物学特征及其TIMS U-Pb定年

钽矿是我国的紧缺资源,近年来对别也萨麻斯地区钽矿取得了找矿新进展,包括新矿点的发现以及花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属资源的找矿突破。区内伟晶岩脉广泛发育,为探究含矿脉体的成矿时代、查明区内典型铌钽矿物的矿物学特征,本文以L18号伟晶岩脉中的钽锰矿为研究对象,对其物理性质、化学成分、地质年代等进行了分析。应用电子探针测试钽锰矿的化学组成,热电离质谱法(TIMS)测定其U-Pb年龄,确定含矿脉体的形成年代。结果表明,研究区钽锰矿中Ta_2O_5含量为51.58%～74.80%,均值68.49%,Nb_2O_5含量为6.15%～27.63%;部分主量元素分布不均,未表现出规律的分带性,但矿物颗粒中心部位的CaO含量较边部低,横剖面上SiO_2含量相对稳定,TiO_2与WO_3显示不规律波动。这种特征表明钽锰矿并非单纯由结晶分异作用形成,而是可能受到了后期交代作用的影响。钽锰矿的U-Pb年龄为160Ma,说明钽锰矿化发生于晚侏罗世早期,与围岩海西期二云母花岗岩相差甚远,后者并非L18号脉体的成矿母岩。     

Geochemical diagenetic trends during phosphorite formation – economic implications: The case of the Negev Campanian phosphorites,Southern Israel

Research on the Upper Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Negev phosphorites (Mishash Formation), based on microprobe analyses, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, wet chemistry, microtextural (Scanning Electron Microscopy) studies and mineralogical analyses, together with quantified rates of sedimentation and P accumulation, enables the chemistry of these rocks to be better constrained across the Negev area and allows their suitability for the manufacture of P fertilizers to be better determined. Two phosphorite facies are differentiated: (i) a pristine phosphorite facies of low P content, more typical of basinal sections and (ii) a reworked, granular phosphorite facies commonly enriched in P, found predominantly near palaeo‐highs and forming most of the economic phosphates. The distribution of F/P₂O₅, CO₂/F, U(IV), Cd, Zn and other trace metals (Mo, Ni, Cr, Cu, V and Y), rare‐earth elements concentration, Ce and Eu anomalies and heavy rare earth elements enrichment, are controlled by these two facies. F/P₂O₅ in carbonate‐fluorapatite is much lower (0·090 to 0·107) in the pristine than in the reworked facies (0·107 to 0·120); in addition, the lower F/P₂O₅ in the pristine facies is coupled with: (i) higher Cd, Zn, Mo, Ni, Cr, Cu and V concentrations; (ii) a considerably reduced (< 10%) U(IV) fraction of total U; (iii) lower rare earth elements/P₂O₅ and Y/P₂O₅ ratios; (iv) less negative Ce and Eu anomalies and lower heavy rare earth elements (Lu/La) enrichment; (v) an increase in Fe‐rich smectites in the clay fraction; and (vi) presence of OH in the carbonate‐fluorapatite structure. Sedimentary reworking of previously formed pristine phosphate, together with its redeposition near structural highs in more oxic bottom conditions, results in considerable diagenetic changes in the chemistry of the phosphorites, making them more suitable for economic exploitation. The results presented here provide geochemical criteria for identifying pristine phosphate in other phosphorite sequences and may help to better locate phosphate strata chemically suitable for the phosphate industry elsewhere.     

Middle and late Holocene sea-levels along the Israel Mediterranean coast — evidence from ancient water wells

During the course of a study of historical water wells along the Israeli shore, which has been in progress since 1984, an innovative method for investigating sea-level fluctuations was developed. Eighteen ancient water wells were re-dug, 14 by the author, and four by archaeologists. Most of the re-dug wells are found at archaeological sites located a very short distance inland from the present shoreline. Evidence of ancient ground-water levels found in the wells directly reflects on historic eustatic sea-level changes, and the rate at which the end of the post-glacial transgression advanced. A critical question concerns the durability and life span of these wells, as the true age is very important for the accurate reconstruction of a sea-level curve. The Pre-Pottery Neolithic well of Atlit-Yam, which is the oldest known well in the world (ca. 8000 yr old), enabled the most accurate sea-level reconstruction for early Holocene times. Sea-level rise during that period of the Atlit-Yam site was of the order of 20 mm yr⁻¹ at the beginning, slowing to 6–8 mm yr⁻¹ at the abandonment of this site at ca. 7.5 ka BP, when it was flooded by the advancing and rising sea. After reaching its present level, sea-level fluctuations for the past 2.5 millennia were not greater than 1.5 to 2 m. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内蒙古阿拉善地块东北缘狼山枕状玄武岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及构造背景

狼山地区位于内蒙古阿拉善地块东北缘,其构造背景一直存在争议。报道狼山地区枕状玄武岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学研究成果。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,玄武岩中的锆石大多为捕获基底的锆石。根据锆石特征及侵入玄武岩的花岗岩年龄,得出玄武岩年龄为254～252Ma,属于二叠纪晚期。枕状玄武岩具有贫碱低钾的特征,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P,富集Rb、Ba、U等元素,富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,具弱负Eu异常,显示岛弧玄武岩特征。初步认为玄武岩形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境,为古亚洲洋向南俯冲的产物,指示阿拉善地块北缘在二叠纪晚期为大陆边缘弧,为研究阿拉善地块东北缘晚古生代构造背景提供了证据。     

内蒙古狼山地区新元古代狼山群变形特征及区域构造意义

狼山群作为阿拉善地块东北部重要的前寒武系地层单元,记录了复杂的构造变形演化历史。本文通过对狼山西南段出露的新元古代狼山群进行构造地质试点填图、剖面测制等方面的研究,总结了狼山群构造变形特征,并对其变形时代和期次进行了初步划分。研究表明狼山群第一期构造变形特征表现为一系列同斜倒转褶皱构造(D1),第二期为近东西向的韧性右行走滑剪切(D2),第三期为北东向巴彦乌拉山—狼山断裂活动对狼山群构造变形进行改造(D3)。结合该地区前人研究成果及年代学资料认为:新元古代狼山群同斜倒转褶皱主要受到古亚洲洋向南俯冲,在古生代晚期沿恩格尔乌缝合带与阿拉善地块北缘拼合,导致近南北向的构造挤压,在狼山地区形成了早期枢纽NEE-EW向的褶皱;晚古生代末期-中生代早期古亚洲洋关闭后发生的板内变形在狼山地区形成韧性右行剪切;三叠纪中晚期韧性左行剪切形成北东向走滑断裂,并使早期形成的褶皱枢纽走向转为北东,奠定了狼山地区现今的构造格局。     

Clinoptilolite, paragenesis and stratigraphy

Clinoptilolite, a zeolite of the heulandite group, occurs commonly in sediments as an authigenic mineral. In the Middle Eocene of southern Israel, it constitutes from a few per cent up to 80 per cent of the insoluble residue of the chalks and limestones. It is associated with opal C-T, montmorillonite and palygorskite. These chalks and limestones overlie the Danian-Palaeocene Taqiya marls which also contain a well-established clay mineral sequence consisting of opal C-T, montmorillonite, palygorskite, sepiolite, and clinoptilolite. This paragenesis of minerals is shown to be typical of the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene times. It is world-wide, occurs in deep-sea sediments as well as in shallow water sediments, and results from the abundance of silica which probably reflects a warmer climate during this time period. The concentration of magnesium in the sea-water and its ratio to the other cations seem to determine which authigenic silicate will be formed.     

Patch or pinnacle reefs of Cretaceous age exposed on western margin of Dead Sea (Israel)

For a petroleum geologist knowledge of the density of the distribution of subsurface Cretaceous reefs is a matter of practical interest. Hence, the discovery in the Judean Desert of Israel, near the western margin of the Dead Sea, of an exhumed sea bottom below an erosional unconformity is of particular interest, because it reveals the original distribution of such reefs, and thus may provide a clue to their subsurface distribution. In this desert, newly described Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) reefs are the dominant geomorphic features, as in their original habitat on the Cretaceous sea bottom. These reefs can be traced on aerial photographs: they are generally 5-15 m in diameter and 1-2.5 m in vertical dimension. Generally, reefs occur within 100-200 m of one another; in many places they are less than 50 m apart. The shapes of the patch or pinnacle reefs are almost circular, as are those occurring in the Edwards Limestone (Comanchean, Lower Cretaceous) in central Texas (Roberson, 1972). The hard, resistant, ring-like outer rims of these exposed reefs weather out as raised rims. A central depression within such structures consists, in places, of Senonian soft chalky or friable material that has been interpreted as a diagenetic product of the vadose zone. The massive reef core consists of porous dolomite. The flanking strata which dip away from the reef core at angles of approximately 15-25° are composed of a probable original grainstone which has been diagenetically changed to a micritic fabric.