The description of a new kind and three new types of medusae nematocysts in the Xiamen Harbour, China

A new kind of nematocyst, heteromorphore, and three new types of nematocysts, microbasic spino-mastigophore, microbasic undulata-mastigophore, microbasic laevis-mastigophore, are described from medusae of the Xiamen Harbour and discussed by comparison with the results of other research workers.     

地质雷达在活动断裂研究中的应用

对于快速发生沉积和侵蚀的地区,断裂附近的古地震遗迹会很快被掩埋。获取这些地区断裂的位置、上断点的埋深和标志层的断距等方面的数据至关重要。本文利用地质雷达探测技术探测这些被埋藏的古地震遗迹。以北京平原区正断性质的新夏垫断裂和青藏高原东北缘六盘山地区逆冲性质的六盘山东麓断裂为实验区。通过探测发现,对于断裂两侧地表覆盖层主要为粉土或粉质粘土的新夏垫断裂,地质雷达可精确定位断裂通过的位置,指示上断点的埋深,但无法在地质雷达剖面上识别出各套地层。对于在T1基座阶地上通过的六盘山东麓断裂,地质雷达不但可以精确定位断裂的位置,而且可以在地质雷达剖面上识别出各套地层,进而求得断裂两侧基座的断距。     

A Preliminary Study on the Datong Fault Belt

The Datong fault belt is a NE trending fault in the northern Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau and controls the boundary of the Xining Basin and Datong Basin. It consists of the Maziying- Miaogou （F1） fault and the Laoye Mountain-Nanmenxia fault （F2）. There is obvious displacement in vertical direction along the belt. The field investigation results show that this belt has long-term activity. There are several meters long crushed zones and veins along the fault side in the basement rock. On the fault section, the Cambria system thrusts over the red- brick-colored Quaternary Period gravel, and there is a fault gouge of several centimeters thick developed on the fault plane. The fault gouge date （ESR） on the fault plane is 610 ± 61ka. The covering deluvial loess is not dislocated, and the OSL result is 14.6 ± 1.5ka. So it can be concluded that the fault belt was active in the middle Pleistocene, but inactive in the late Pleistocene according to the age data and geomorphologic features. Interior formations of the Datong basin features fold with the major axis orienting northwest. According to the relation of fault and fold deformation, Datong fault is a trausversal tear, which is due to uneven compression of the folds in different parts and NNE trending regional compressive stress. It is common among the NE trending faults in the northeast of Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau. These NE trending faults aren＇t large, and most are located in the active plate. They are all nearly vertical to the axis of the folds and compressive basins.     

Preliminary analyses of landslides and sand liquefaction triggered by 22 May, 2021, Maduo Mw 7.3 earthquake on Northern Tibetan Plateau,China

During the Maduo Earthquake (MDEq) (M_w 7.3), which occurred on 22 May 2021 in the northern Tibetan Plateau, coseismic surface ruptures, numerous land liquefaction instances and landslides, were triggered along the NW strike of the?~?160 km long aftershock zone. We performed three times emergency field surveys (22 May to 3 Jun., 28 Jun. to 14 Jul., 8–24 Oct., 2021) with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) orthophoto and digital elevation model (DEM) data. We found a discontinuous coseismic surface rupture zone along with loose sediment, severe sand liquefaction regions with an area of?~?10³ km² along the Yellow River and its tributaries. More than 23 coseismic landslides had been checked with relative small-size volume for limited local terrain relief. Three of those landslides had relatively small source areas and volumes and affected relatively large areas. We identified numerous tension cracks in and around the trailing edges, which could trigger more landslides in the future. Further detailed research into the occurrence of these three landslides will reveal the failure mechanism of the earthquake (shaking)–freeze–thaw effect–rainfall disaster chain. Here, we present basic information to aid the overall understanding of the preliminary characteristics of coseismic earthquake-triggered landslides, sand liquefaction, and possible follow-up disasters.

     

The Calculation Method for the Volume of Landslides and Dammed Lake Sediments Triggered by a Strong Historical Earthquake in the Loess Plateau: A Case Study of Qiuzigou, Gansu Province, Northwest China

The quantitative calculation of the volume of large earthquake-triggered landslides and related dammed lake sediments is of great significance in the study of secondary disasters and focal parameters of strong historical earthquakes. In this study, the dammed lake induced by Qishan M7 earthquake (Lingtai County, Gansu Province, Northwest China) is selected as the research object. Based on the information collected from the 4 boreholes in the dammed lake area, we further take advantage of the low-level Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and the morphology recovery method,to calculate the volume of the dammed lake and landslides, respectively. Finally, major conclusions are obtained as follows:① the AMS-¹⁴C age at the bottom of the Qiuzigou Dammed Lake sediments is 2 890±30 BP, which coincides with the 780 BC Qishan earthquake; furthermore, the Qiuzigou Landslides seem to have been triggered by the earthquake, forming an enclosed dammed lake deposition environment after the upstream sediments accumulate;② the Qiuzigou landslides are opposite-sliding landslides that have blocked the river valley; in detail, landslide volumes at the right and left banks are 235×10⁴ m³ and 229×10⁴ m³, respectively. The length of the dammed lake is 2.6 km, with a thickness of approximately 43 m near the landslides, and the total sedimentary volume is 573×10⁴ m³; ③the erosion rate of Qiuzigou Landslide Dammed Lake is 0.44 mm/a, the accumulation rate is 15.05 mm/a, and the soil erosion modulus is 593 t/(km²/a), characterized as slight erosion. Quantitative research on the formation of landslides and dammed lakes from strong historical earthquakes is vital for increasing our understanding of the vibrational characteristics and surface action processes of these types of earthquakes.     

10BE DATING OF TAHEMAN LARGE SCALE LANDSLIDE IN EASTERN PAMIR AND PALEOSEISMIC IMPLICATIONS

塔合曼滑坡体是发育在新疆帕米尔高原东部1895年塔什库尔干7级地震区北端的一个大型滑坡体,总体呈“舌”形,由崩塌区、滑坡区和堆积区三部分组成,在滑坡区和堆积区分别形成了平行与垂直于滑坡体滑动方向的滑坡体台阶.本文介绍了该滑坡体的基本特征并采用宇宙成因核素测年技术对其形成年代进行了测定,简要论述了该测年技术的基本原理、野外采样原则及样品前处理过程.采自滑坡体不同部位的6个片麻岩巨砾样品的10Be暴露年龄结果非常一致,表明该滑坡体发生在6.8±0.2ka,同时也表明了10Be暴露测年是研究大型滑坡的有效测年手段.结合该滑坡体被慕士塔格断层断错并形成断层陡坎、滑坡体内发育的冲沟规模以及巨砾表面较厚的岩石漆,我们认为该滑坡体并非1895年地震的产物.     

地球化学探测方法在西宁市城市活断层探测中的应用

在西宁市城市活断层探测工作中利用FD-3017RaA测氡仪开展了隐伏断层土壤气氡的探测,探讨了断层的气体地球化学特征及其确定隐伏断层的方法。在进行的8条测线上进行了土壤气氡的野外现场测量,共1384个点。结果表明,在8个地球化学剖面中确定了2处异常,由此确定了断层的大体位置,该处的人工浅层地震勘探结果也证实断层的存在和具体位置。土壤气氡测量法作为辅助探测手段在大城市活断层的探测工作中有一定的参考意义。     

库车坳陷东西段盐下构造变形差异演化数值模拟分析

库车坳陷东、西段盐下构造在北部构造带以南出现明显的差异构造变形特征,在西段的克拉苏构造带盐下发育由一系列逆冲断裂组成的叠瓦构造,而在东段的东秋构造带盐下发育一个大型的断背斜构造。本文基于地震资料构造解析,采用离散元数值模拟方法,设计了5组数值模拟实验来探究先存断层、同构造沉积和滑脱层强度对褶皱冲断带构造形态及演化的影响,进而分析库车坳陷东、西段构造特征差异的成因机制。模拟结果表明含盐褶皱冲断带往往发育垂向分层构造变形。先存断裂会影响褶皱冲断带构造传播的方式,导致盐下楔体形态、断裂数量和盐上构造样式的差异。同构造沉积会增强盐上和盐下的分层差异变形,滑脱层强度增强会减弱盐上和盐下的分层变形。通过将模拟结果与库车坳陷东、西段构造特征进行对比分析,我们认为先存断层可能是影响库车坳陷东、西段盐下构造差异演化的重要因素。库车坳陷东段的东秋构造带受先存断裂影响,在先存断裂的位置优先变形,形成东秋断裂和上覆东秋背斜,同时先存断裂既有助于应力释放,又阻拦应力向前传递,形成乱序式变形传播。库车坳陷西段的克拉苏构造带,没有先存断裂的影响,盐下主要发育前展式构造变形,形成由一系列逆冲断层组成的叠瓦构造楔体。     

2006年青海玉树5.0、5.6、5.4级地震灾害损失及震害特点

2006年7月18、19日在青海玉树发生了5．0、5．6、5．4级地震,地震造成了玉树县上拉秀乡、杂多县萨呼腾镇的房屋破坏,震后青海省地震局会同玉树州地震局、玉树地震台对玉树地震的灾害损失进行了现场评估,并对玉树地震的震害特点进行了总结,最后提出了相关建议。     

Relationship between the Landslides Triggered by the Tongwei M7 1/2 Earthquake in 1718 AD and the Disappearance of Yongning Ancient Town

Although China''s historical earthquake documentation is relatively rich, it is not all based on scientific records. Therefore, the verification of the seismic information in historical records can effectively avoid exaggerating or underestimating the damage they produced. In this paper, we analyze the detailed information of the 1718 AD Tongwei M7 1/2 earthquake through field surveys, document sorting, and manual visual interpretation of UAV images. Major conclusions are listed as follows:①The low-level terraces of Weihe River between Gangu and Wushan are fully developed with flatted surface, and the residents here are mostly killed by house collapses. In addition, the disappearance of Yongning Ancient Town is not directly related to the earthquake-induced landslides; ② In fact, "Yongning Town is entirely buried by the earthquake" in the historical records describes the phenomenon that loess dust has pervaded the entire Weihe Valley. These dust grains are produced by the sliding of earthquake-induced landslides. Thus, there is no possibility that large-scale landslides have slipped over Weihe bedrock and buried Yongning Town; ③After the earthquake, survivors abandoned the ruins and selected a new site to live. They built a new town named "Pan''an (means always peaceful in the future)". earthquake-induced landslides may be the reason of burying the residential areas on valley-side slopes, while those locations inside the valley are associated with the amplification effect of ground vibration. On the basis of compiling historical seismic data, scientific methods are used to explore the real meaning of these documents, for the purpose of providing basic data for the risk evaluation of strong historical earthquakes.