Triton: stratospheric molecules and organic sediments

Hydrocarbons and nitriles are produced in Triton's stratosphere by energetic electrons from Neptune's magnetosphere and other charged particle sources. Laboratory plasma experiments reported here show a substantial yield of molecules from low pressure flows of 10(-3) CH4 in N2 appropriate to Triton if both CH4 and N2 are saturated at the surface. An active magnetosphere similar to that of Uranus would result in a flux approximately 0.3 erg cm-2 s-1 of 0.1-1 MeV electrons in Triton's stratosphere; molecular production rates are then 10(6)-10(8) cm-2 s-1 for NH3, C2H2, HCN, and NCCN; tens of hundreds of gm cm-2 of these compounds per 10(9) yr (and lesser quantities of at least eight other molecules experimentally detected) would freeze to fine-grained white condensates in the lower stratosphere and sediment to the surface. Along with dark/colored organic haze produced in the stratosphere and other heteropolymers produced at the surface, these condensates are subjects to redistribution by aeolian processes and may appear as lag deposits and/or sediment layers. A simple eddy diffusion model indicates abundances approximately 10(19) molec cm-2 for HCN and C2H2, and > 10(17) molec cm-2 for NCCN, CH3CCH, CH2CCH2, and CH3CN in the stratosphere; these and other organic molecules will be detectable by IRIS if the stratosphere is (as expected) heated through ultraviolet and visible light absorption by the haze.     

核石油测井的进展

根据美国和欧洲的科学期刊发表的文章,回顾近几年来核测井方面的重要进(?)利用光电效应进行的密度测量,已成为目前识别主要岩石类型的普通方法。天然放射性和子激发的次生伽马射线能谱测量,使得测井资料可以用来进行元素分析。人们熟知的测井法,如补偿中子和密度测井,在薄层识别的数据分析方面得到了改进。除天然伽马测量外,着中子孔隙度和伽马密度测量的引入,近年来随钻核测井也有了很大的进展。现在可以把种放射性同位素注入地层,并通过它们的特征伽马谱探测出来。测井探头响应的计算机模已在下井仪设计和确定其环境校正方面得到广泛的应用。蒙特卡罗程序已在小型计算机并行处理器上运行,而以前需要大型计算机。     

青藏高原东北部黄土地区降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响研究

降雨是诱发土质边坡失稳的主导因素之一,研究降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响有着重要意义。以青海西宁盆地黄土边坡为例,结合野外现场试验和室内直剪试验,研究了降雨入渗对坡体含水量和抗剪强度的影响,采用FLAC2D软件模拟分析了降雨前后边坡的应力、位移分布特征,并通过计算安全系数对边坡进行稳定性评价。研究结果表明,雨水入渗150 min内边坡表层土层含水量急剧增加,150 min后其变化趋势逐步变缓,较深层土层含水量随雨水入渗时间呈持续缓慢增加的趋势。对于同一层土体而言,雨水入渗深度随降雨历时的增大而增加,且表层土体中雨水入渗速度先快后慢。表层土体含水量每增加1.01%,其粘聚力减小13.53 k Pa,土体抗剪强度降低16 k Pa,说明土体抗剪强度对含水量的变化极为敏感。二维有限元模拟和分析结果表明,在自重应力作用和雨水入渗条件下,研究区坡脚处出现应力集中现象,且降雨后边坡位移量、应力集中范围及应力大小明显大于降雨前,而降雨后边坡稳定安全系数比降雨前降低了21.6%,说明降雨入渗对边坡的稳定性影响较大。     

A geochemical record of the mining history of the Erme Estuary, south Devon, UK

The concentration of selected trace metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in salt-marsh sediments from within the Erme Estuary have been measured in order to assess possible historical sources of pollution. The Erme Estuary, south Devon, UK is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has remained largely unaffected by industrialisation, although a number of small silver–lead mines were in operation in the 1800s. Five cores reveal comparable geochemical profiles. An increase of lead at 40 cm depth is observed, reaching maximum values of 427 ppm. Less distinct trends are revealed by zinc and copper, probably reflecting the lack of widespread mining for ores of these elements within the catchment and possible post-depositional mobility rendering the metal concentrations non-contemporaneous with the chemostratigraphy of lead. The geochemical analysis of the salt-marsh sediments provides a fairly robust chemostratigraphic scheme and the likely sources of mine waste can be pinpointed within the catchment. Based upon reference to the historical mining record of these mines chemostratigraphic dating of the sediments can be achieved in order to provide an estimate of salt-marsh accretion rates and sea-level rise.     

Trace element distribution during the reproductive cycle of female and male spiny and Pacific scallops, with implications for biomonitoring

Trace element concentrations and contents in gills, gonad, kidneys, mantle, muscle and remainder during the reproductive cycle of female and male spiny and Pacific scallops, from the Strait of Georgia, BC, Canada, were quantified by using ICPMS. The elements investigated were chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin and mercury. For all ten elements, the tissue distribution was to some extent influenced by species, sex and reproductive status. The implications of the present study in relation to the design of biomonitoring programmes are: (1) care should be taken to ensure an equal/constant sex composition when making interannual comparisons of pooled samples. Preferably the sexes should be monitored separately. (2) the practice of obtaining pooled samples in the interspawn phase is applicable only to monitoring long-term trends in contaminant levels, while the reproductive status should be heeded when studying short-term changes. (3) the present study confirms that direct temporal or spatial comparisons of absolute accumulated element concentrations are only valid intraspecifically.     

Estimating recharge rates with analytic element models and parameter estimation

Quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge is usually a prerequisite for effective ground water flow modeling. In this study, an analytic element (AE) code (GFLOW) was used with a nonlinear parameter estimation code (UCODE) to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge using measured base flows as calibration targets. The ease and flexibility of AE model construction and evaluation make this approach well suited for recharge estimation. An AE flow model of an undeveloped watershed in northern Wisconsin was optimized to match median annual base flows at four stream gages for 1996 to 2000 to demonstrate the approach. Initial optimizations that assumed a constant distributed recharge rate provided good matches (within 5%) to most of the annual base flow estimates, but discrepancies of >12% at certain gages suggested that a single value of recharge for the entire watershed is inappropriate. Subsequent optimizations that allowed for spatially distributed recharge zones based on the distribution of vegetation types improved the fit and confirmed that vegetation can influence spatial recharge variability in this watershed. Temporally, the annual recharge values varied >2.5-fold between 1996 and 2000 during which there was an observed 1.7-fold difference in annual precipitation, underscoring the influence of nonclimatic factors on interannual recharge variability for regional flow modeling. The final recharge values compared favorably with more labor-intensive field measurements of recharge and results from studies, supporting the utility of using linked AE-parameter estimation codes for recharge estimation.     

Estimating background and threshold nitrate concentrations using probability graphs

Because of the ubiquitous nature of anthropogenic nitrate (NO3(-)) in many parts of the world, determining background concentrations of NO3(-) in shallow ground water from natural sources is probably impossible in most environments. Present-day background must now include diffuse sources of NO3(-) such as disruption of soils and oxidation of organic matter, and atmospheric inputs from products of combustion and evaporation of ammonia from fertilizer and livestock waste. Anomalies can be defined as NO3(-) derived from nitrogen (N) inputs to the environment from anthropogenic activities, including synthetic fertilizers, livestock waste, and septic effluent. Cumulative probability graphs were used to identify threshold concentrations separating background and anomalous NO(3)-N concentrations and to assist in the determination of sources of N contamination for 232 spring water samples and 200 well water samples from karst aquifers. Thresholds were 0.4, 2.5, and 6.7 mg/L for spring water samples, and 0.1, 2.1, and 17 mg/L for well water samples. The 0.4 and 0.1 mg/L values are assumed to represent thresholds for present-day precipitation. Thresholds at 2.5 and 2.1 mg/L are interpreted to represent present-day background concentrations of NO(3)-N. The population of spring water samples with concentrations between 2.5 and 6.7 mg/L represents an amalgam of all sources of NO3(-) in the ground water basins that feed each spring; concentrations > 6.7 mg/L were typically samples collected soon after springtime application of synthetic fertilizer. The 17 mg/L threshold (adjusted to 15 mg/L) for well water samples is interpreted as the level above which livestock wastes dominate the N sources.     

航空重力测量的历史回顾

在本世纪５０年代末到６０年代,首次报导的航空重力测量尝试,是利用固定翼飞行器所进行的可行性试验。仪器系统是由海上重力仪、摄影测量照像机和定位多卜勒雷达,以及一些仅用于测定高度变化的沸点测高器组成的。试验的几条测线经过相对较高的地形区域。一般情况下重力仪运行正常,但该系统在对航空能力的控制和测量,以及计算艾维改正、飞行稳定性对于精确测量飞行器的垂向运动中受到限制。这些试验表明,航空重力测量可获得±１０×１０－５ｍ／ｓ２的精度。１９６５年１月,空军的剑桥研究实验室开始了一项深入细致的计划,对现有的和…     

低地应力区地下洞室开挖围岩剪应力静态数值模拟研究

本文以西北某市大型水利地下洞室工程为例,采用弹塑性二维有限元法对低地应力区洞室开挖后围岩剪应力分布与围岩变形破坏进行了数值模拟,总结出了低地应力区地下洞室开挖后围岩剪应力大小、分布规律与围岩变形破坏的关系.该项研究它将有利于进一步研究低地应力区地下洞室开挖后围岩稳定性,同时对保障地下洞室工程的圆满进行具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.