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— We use simple physical models to evaluate and compare the orders of magnitude of the energy generated into a tsunami wave by seismic dislocations and underwater slumps. We conclude that the two sources can generate tsunamis of comparable total energy. However, the slumping source is shown to be fundamentally dipolar in nature, which results in a low-frequency deficiency in the far-field. These simple conclusions corroborate the interpretation of the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami as being generated by an underwater slump. 相似文献
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Hydro-geochemistry of groundwater and surface water in Dschang town(West Cameroon): Alkali and alkaline-earth elements ascertain lithological and anthropogenic constraints 下载免费PDF全文
Yemeli Elida Joelle Temgoua Emile Kengni Lucas Ambrosi Jean-Paul Momo-nouazi Mathieu Silatsa-Tedou Francis Brice Wamba Franck Robean Tchakam-Kamtchueng Brice 《地下水科学与工程》2021,9(3):212-224
This study focuses on the sources of alkali and alkaline-earth elements based on the geochemistry of groundwater and surface water in Dschang concerning environmental and anthropogenic constraints. A comprehensive set of 50 samples from groundwater and surface water were analyzed by ICPMS and processed by spatial interpolation in a GIS environment. The results highlight a geochemical anomaly at the center of the densely inhabited area subject to a profusion of open dumps discharges. This anomaly with the highest spatial contents of Be(Cs, Rb, Mg) suggests an anthropogenic source that demarcates with the lowest alkali and alkaline-earth elements on the peripheral area of Dschang. Other findings include lithological constraints with volcanic rocks being the main source compared to granitoid.The study points out good correlations between Be, Cs, Rb and Mg spatial distributions and physicochemical parameters of waters(K, EC, TDS), and inversely with the lowest p H. p H is established as the most functioning physico-chemical constraint of alkali and alkaline-earth mobility in Dschang. The p H lowest values within the geochemical anomaly also highlight the impact of human activities on water acidity, which later enhance elements mobility and enrichment. Despite low elements contents relative to WHO standards, our findings point out an example of anthropogenic impact on water geochemistry linked to solid waste pollution; it also demonstrates significant anthropogenic changes of environmental physicochemical parameters of prime importance in the mobility and distribution of elements in the study area.Similar assessments should be extended in major towns in Cameroon. 相似文献
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Geoffrey Blewitt William C. Hammond Corné Kreemer Hans-Peter Plag Seth Stein Emile Okal 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(3-4):335-343
We identify the key design aspects of a GPS-based system (and in the future, GNSS-based systems) that could contribute to real-time earthquake source determination and tsunami warning systems. Our approach is based on models of both transient and permanent displacement of GPS stations caused by large earthquakes, while considering the effect of GPS errors on inverted earthquake source parameters. Our main conclusions are that (1) the spatial pattern, magnitude, and timing of permanent displacement of GPS stations can be inverted for the earthquake source and so predict the 3D displacement field of the ocean bottom, thus providing the initial conditions for tsunami models, and (2) there are no inherently limiting factors arising from real-time orbit and positioning errors, provided sufficient near-field GPS stations are deployed. This signal could be readily exploited by GPS networks currently in place, and will be facilitated by the IGS Real-Time Project as it comes to fruition. 相似文献
6.
Emile A. Okal 《Natural Hazards》1988,1(1):67-96
We present a review of the influence of various parameters of the sources of major oceanic earthquakes on the amplitude of tsunamis at transoceanic distances. We base our computations on the normal mode formalism, applied to realistic Earth models, but interpret our principal results in the simpler framework of Haskell theory in the case of a water layer over a Poisson half-space. Our results show that source depth and focal geometry play only a limited role in controlling the amplitude of the tsunami; their combined influence reaches at most 1 order of magnitude down to a depth of 150 km into the hard rock. More important are the effects of directivity due to rupture propagation along the fault, which for large earthquakes can result in a ten-fold decrease in tsunami amplitude by destructive interference, and the possibility of enhanced tsunami excitation in material with weaker elastic properties, such as sedimentary layers. Modelling of the so-called tsunami earthquakes suggests that an event for which 10% of the moment release takes place in sediments generates a tsunami 10 times larger than its seismic moment would suggest. We also investigate the properties of non-double couple sources and find that their relative excitation of tsunamis and Rayleigh waves is in general comparable to that of regular seismic sources. In particular, landslides involving weak sediments could result in very large tsunamis. Finally, we emphasize that the final amplitude at a receiving shore can be strongly affected by focusing and defocusing effects, due to variations in bathymetry along the path of the tsunami. 相似文献
7.
Far-field simulation of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We present hydrodynamic far-field simulations of the Aleutian tsunami of 1946 April 1, using both a dislocation source representing a slow earthquake and a dipolar one modelling a large landslide. The earthquake source is derived from the recent seismological study by López and Okal, while the landslide source was previously used to explain the exceptional run-up at Scotch Cap in the near field. The simulations are compared to a field data set previously compiled from testimonies of elderly witnesses at 27 far-field locations principally in the Austral and Marquesas Islands, with additional sites at Pitcairn, Easter and Juan Fernández. We find that the data set is modelled satisfactorily by the dislocation source, while the landslide fails to match the measured amplitudes, and to give a proper rendition of the physical interaction of the wavefield with the shore, in particular at Nuku Hiva, Marquesas. The emerging picture is that the event involved both a very slow earthquake, responsible for the far-field tsunami, and a major landslide explaining the near-field run-up, but with a negligible contribution in the far field. 相似文献
8.
We extend to the regional field of distances the procedure of one-station estimation of seismic moments using the mantle magnitudeM
m, as introduced earlier in the case of teleseismic events. A theoretical analysis of the validity of the asymptotic expansion of normal modes in terms of surface waves, which was used in the development ofM
m, upholds the validity of the algorithm for distances as short as 1.5°. This is confirmed by the analysis of a dataset of 149 GEOSCOPE records obtained at distances ranging from 1.5 to 15°, from earthquakes with moments between 1024 and 2.5×1027 dyn-cm. The performance ofM
m as measured in terms of average residual with respect to published values ofM
0, and standard deviation of the residuals, is not degraded in this distance range, with respect to the teleseismic case. This indicates that the mantle magnitudeM
mcan be reliably used at regional distances, notably for tsunami warning applications. 相似文献
9.
Emile A. Okal 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,139(1):59-85
The mantle magnitudeM
m
is used on a dataset of more than 180 wavetrains from 44 large shallow historical earthquakes to reassess their moments, which in many cases had been previously estimated only on the basis of the earthquake's rupture area. We provide 27 new or revised values ofM
o, based on the spectral amplitudes of surface waves recorded at a number of stations, principally Uppsala and Pasadena. Among them, and most significantly, we document a large low-frequency component to the source of the 1923 Kanto earthquake: the low-frequency seismic moment is 2.9×1028 dyn-cm, in accord with geodetic observations. On the other hand, we revise downwards the seismic moment of the 1906 Ecuador event, which did not exceed 6×1028 dyn-cm.Finally, the study of the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan earthquakes whose exceptionally large moments are properly retrieved throughM
m
measurements, serves proof that this approach performs flawlessly even for the very greatest earthquakes, and is therefore successful in its goal to avoid the saturation effects plaguing any magnitude scale measured at a fixed period. 相似文献
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