First data on the uranium content in water of the Yenisei River basin in the area affected by the operation of Rosatom plants

This study is devoted to investigating the content of uranium isotopes in water of the Yenisei River and its tributaries within the territories affected by the operation of Rosatom plants (mining chemical combine, and electrochemical plant). Long-term monitoring of the ²³⁸U content by mass spectrometry carried out in two institutes of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences first revealed the multiple excess of ²³⁸U over the background content in different areas of the Yenisei River basin, such as the region of the Yenisei River near the effluents of the mining and chemical combine (MCC), and the territories of the Bol’shaya Tel’ and Kan rivers. In these regions, the ²³⁸U content in water reaches 2.1–4.0 μg/l, which exceeds its content upstream from the MCC (0.3–0.6 μg/l) by almost an order of magnitude. The studies of the isotopic composition of uranium in water samples, which were carried out at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, showed the presence of a technogenic isotope of uranium ²³⁶U in the samples from the Bolshaya Tel’ River and revealed the deviation of the isotope ratio ²³⁸U/²³⁵U (167 ± 3 and 177 ± 3) from the equilibrium natural ratio (²³⁸U/²³⁵U = 138). These facts attest to the technogenic origin of part of the uranium in water of the Bol’shaya Tel’ River connected with the activity of MCC. The excess uranium content in the Kan River requires additional studies to ascertain the fraction of uranium of technogenic origin connected with the activity of the electrochemical plant (ECP) (Fig. 1, Table 4).     

A method of cloud detection from satellite data

The main results of the development and testing of the cloud detection method are presented. The main purpose of the method is the identification and classification of clouds in satellite images with the subsequent retrieval of quantitative characteristics. The method provides digital datasets in the form of maps of cloud classes, cloud top height, and cloud top temperature. The consecutive stages of cloud detection are considered, and the conditions and basic results of the method testing are presented.