Reservoir timescales for anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere

Non-steady state timescales are complicated and their application to specific geophysical systems requires a common theoretical foundation. We first extend reservoir theory by quantifying the difference between turnover time and transit time (or residence time) for time-dependent systems under any mixing conditions. We explicitly demonstrate the errors which result from assuming these timescales are equal, which is only true at steady state. We also derive a new response function which allows the calculation of age distributions and timescales for well-mixed reservoirs away from steady state, and differentiate between timescales based on gross and net fluxes. These theoretical results are particularly important to tracer-calibrated "box models" currently used to study the carbon cycle, which usually approximate reservoirs as well-mixed. We then apply the results to the important case of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, since timescales describing its behavior are commonly used but ambiguously defined. All relevant timescales, including lifetime, transit time, and adjustment time, are precisely defined and calculated from data and models. Apparent discrepancies between the current, empirically determined turnover time of 30-60 years and longer model-derived estimates of expected lifetime and adjustment time are explained within this theoretical framework. We also discuss the results in light of policy issues related to global warming, in particular since any comparisons of the "lifetimes" of different greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC's etc.) must use a consistent definition to be meaningful.     

Distribution of moderately volatile trace elements in fine-grained chondrule rims in the unequilibrated CO3 chondrite, ALH A77307

The concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, and Se in five, fine-grained chondrule rims in the highly unequilibrated CO3 chondrite ALH A77307 (3.0) have been determined for the first time by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microprobe at Brookhaven National Laboratory. These elements are especially useful for tracing the role of condensation and evaporation processes which occurred at moderate temperatures in the solar nebula. Understanding the distribution of moderately volatile elements between matrix and chondrules is extremely important for evaluating the different models for the volatile depletions in chondritic meteorites. The data show that the trace element chemistry of rims on different chondrules is remarkably similar, consistent with data obtained for the major and minor elements by electron microprobe. These results support the idea that rims are not genetically related to individual chondrules, but all sampled the same reservoir of homogeneously mixed dust. Of the trace elements analyzed, Zn and Ga show depletions relative to CI chondrite values, but in comparison with bulk CO chondrites all the elements are enriched by approximately 1.5 to 3.5 x CO. The abundance patterns for moderately volatile elements in ALH A77307 chondrule rims closely mimic those observed in the bulk chondrite, indicating that matrix is the major reservoir for these elements. The close matching of the patterns for the volatile depleted bulk chondrite and enriched matrix is especially striking for Na, which is anomalously depleted in ALH A77307 in comparison with average CO chondrite abundances. The depletion in Na is probably attributable to the effects of leaching in Antarctica. With the exception of Na, the volatile elements show a relatively smooth decrease in abundance as a function of condensation temperature, indicating that their behavior is largely controlled by their volatility.     

贵州省国土资源电子政务统一平台的实现

本文简述了贵州省国土资源电子政务统一平台的建设思路及特点,重点讲述了贵州省 国土资源电子政务平台建设中的几点体会。     

基于窗口移动中误差模型探测船载重力数据粗差

粗差探测是评价船载重力测量数据成果质量的重要内容。卫星测高反演重力场技术提供了海域全覆盖的重力场数值模型,其精度水平已满足探测船载重力测量数据粗差的精度要求。以卫星测高反演重力场模型为基础,提出了基于窗口移动中误差模型探测船载重力测量粗差的数据处理方法,其基本思路是:以卫星测高反演重力场数值模型作为背景场,计算船载重力测点处的测高重力值的差值,以差值作为输入量,等权构建中误差背景场,以开窗中误差背景场作为参考,按照平差思想探测船载重力测量数据的粗差。实验结果表明,依据本文方法能有效探测船载重力测量数据的粗差。     

福建吉阳铜多金属集中区遥感地质信息提取与找矿预测

根据福建吉阳一带地区TM/ETM~+卫星遥感数据,通过主成分分析(PCA)、卷积滤波和形态学分析、假彩色合成等方法对线性构造作增强处理及目视解译;依据蚀变矿物特有的光谱特征,通过主成分分析、直方图拉伸及密度分割法对研究区铁染、羟基蚀变信息异常进行提取;遥感影像线性构造与铁染、羟基蚀变信息异常区交互叠合,均呈北东向展布,与区域构造、成矿构造格局一致,已知矿点80%分布于铁染、羟基蚀变异常区。综合分析遥感线性构造、遥感蚀变信息异常、地质特征、地球化学异常、地球物理特征、已知矿床(点)等多元地学信息,圈定了3个级别10个成矿远景区。     

航空重力向下延拓的最小二乘配置Tikhonov正则化法

基于最小二乘配置法向下延拓航空重力的过程中,由于协方差矩阵严重病态,影响延拓结果的稳定性和精度。针对这一问题,提出了航空重力向下延拓的最小二乘配置Tikhonov正则化法。基于全球协方差函数模型建立航空重力数据与地面重力数据的协方差关系,引入基于广义交叉验证法,选择正则化参数的Tikhonov正则化法改善协方差矩阵的病态性,抑制观测噪声对延拓结果的放大影响。基于EGM2008重力场模型,设计了山区、丘陵和海域3种不同地形区域的航空重力数据向下延拓的仿真实验,实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于Stokes-Helmert边值理论的大地水准面计算模型改化及分析检验

针对源自Stokes-Helmert边值理论的大地水准面计算模型适用性问题,首先详细解析了Stokes-Helmert方法的基本原理和计算模型,研究探讨了该方法与其他现有方法的关联性和差异性,分析比较了Stokes-Helmert计算模型和相同类型模型的技术特点,提出了Stokes-Helmert计算模型的实用改化方法,同时设计了4种分步改化模型的实验验证方案,使用超高阶位模型EGM2008作为数值模拟标准场,对分步改化模型的计算效果进行了数值精度检核,并开展了数据观测噪声影响评估检验,得出了一些有参考和实际应用价值的研究结论。在一定条件下,使用改化Stokes-Helmert方法计算(似)大地水准面可获得优于2cm的内符合度。     

.Net环境下空间数据缓存方案的设计与实现

空间数据查询效率的优劣决定着三层体系结构空间信息系统的应用效果。空间数据缓存技术是提高空间数据查询效率的有效方法之一。在数据缓存技术逐渐成熟的今天,如何利用数据缓存技术来构建空间数据缓存是目前研究的热点。基于Microsoft新的数据缓存技术,借助常用的格网索引,在客户端和应用服务器端开辟空间数据缓存区,以降低数据的传输量,减少用户的请求响应时间,从而提高空间数据查询效率。在利用版本控制技术实现空间数据缓存的同时,解决客户端、应用服务器和数据库服务器的数据一致性问题,确保空间数据的有效性和可用性。     

闽西行洛坑钨矿流体演化过程与成矿机制:白钨矿原位微量元素、Sr同位素的制约

行洛坑钨矿位于武夷山成矿带中部,是该带目前规模最大的钨矿床.钨矿体主要产于强烈蚀变的似斑状黑云母花岗岩岩株顶部,发育细脉浸染状、网脉状及大脉状多种矿化类型,黑钨矿与白钨矿含量近1:1.关于矿床的流体演化过程与成矿机制目前仍不清楚,成因存在较大争议.本文在详细成矿阶段划分的基础上,对不同阶段产出的不同世代白钨矿开展了系统...     

海空重力测量及应用技术研究进展与展望(四):数值模型构建与综合应用技术

分析总结了海空重力测量数据向上和向下延拓技术的研究现状及发展方向,简要论述了海空重力测量多源数据融合处理技术的研究动态及发展前景,分析讨论了海空重力测量数据应用于地球外部重力场赋值和大地水准面精化技术的研究进展及发展思路,为海空重力测量数值建模与数据综合应用技术的未来发展提供参考。