Preliminary analyses of landslides and sand liquefaction triggered by 22 May, 2021, Maduo Mw 7.3 earthquake on Northern Tibetan Plateau,China

During the Maduo Earthquake (MDEq) (M_w 7.3), which occurred on 22 May 2021 in the northern Tibetan Plateau, coseismic surface ruptures, numerous land liquefaction instances and landslides, were triggered along the NW strike of the?~?160 km long aftershock zone. We performed three times emergency field surveys (22 May to 3 Jun., 28 Jun. to 14 Jul., 8–24 Oct., 2021) with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) orthophoto and digital elevation model (DEM) data. We found a discontinuous coseismic surface rupture zone along with loose sediment, severe sand liquefaction regions with an area of?~?10³ km² along the Yellow River and its tributaries. More than 23 coseismic landslides had been checked with relative small-size volume for limited local terrain relief. Three of those landslides had relatively small source areas and volumes and affected relatively large areas. We identified numerous tension cracks in and around the trailing edges, which could trigger more landslides in the future. Further detailed research into the occurrence of these three landslides will reveal the failure mechanism of the earthquake (shaking)–freeze–thaw effect–rainfall disaster chain. Here, we present basic information to aid the overall understanding of the preliminary characteristics of coseismic earthquake-triggered landslides, sand liquefaction, and possible follow-up disasters.

     

DEM坡向提取的向量场模板匹配方法

利用几何代数的多维统一性与运动表达的简明性特征,设计了用几何代数向量场拟合进行地表坡向表达和提取的新算法。基于高斯合成曲面模型模拟的多尺度格网DEM数据,对坡向计算的正确性、抗噪性及空间整体性进行验证和统计分析,显示几何代数向量场拟合方法能正确提取地表坡向,且较之三阶反距离平方权算法具有更强的抗噪性;选取5类典型的不同地貌类型数据进行最优窗口和坡向提取试验,黄土丘陵,梁、峁、塬和风沙地貌的最优窗口大小分别为13、11、11、11、17,所提取的坡向可以较好地反映不同地貌类型的结构特征。     

柴达木盆地南翼山构造样式及其与油气成藏关系:三维地震解释新证据

三维地震资料解释和构造分析表明,南翼山背斜两翼发育两组与背斜轴向近平行的左行压扭性断裂带(走向约310°),断裂带剖面形态为正花状构造,背斜发育三组次级断裂,可分别与走滑里德尔剪切模型中的R、R'、X面很好地匹配,特征次级断裂性质与南翼山边界左旋走滑断裂带属性相符。晚新生代以来,柴西南地区受控于阿尔金断裂和昆北断裂系,整体处于压扭性环境之中,形成了一系列以南翼山为代表的压扭性背斜构造,不存在大规模逆冲构造。南翼山左行花状压扭性断裂带活动导致的背斜隆起及其派生的张性次级断裂是控制南翼山油气藏形成的重要因素,花状压扭性断裂带和背斜隆起形成了构造圈闭,而次级断裂沟通了烃源岩与储层,形成了油气向上运移的通道和储集空间。     

解析法与数值法在水电站防渗墙效果评价中的运用

四川省大渡河上某水电站目前正处于施工阶段,大坝基坑防渗墙已基本完成施工,但基坑涌水量较大,为评价防渗墙的防渗效果,在两防渗墙间开展了2组抽水试验.根据研究区边界条件,利用综合井函数法初步求取了基坑砂砾层的水文地质参数,并在此基础上采用数值法(groundwater modeling system, GMS)建立水流模型,进行参数的识别、验证,研究表明综合井函数法得到的砂砾含水层渗透系数为19.13~32.24 m/d,GMS拟合得到的渗透系数为26.00 m/d.此外,数值模拟拟合得到的主、副防渗墙渗透系数较小(0.01~0.02 m/d),说明两防渗墙防渗效果较好.      

火山碎屑密度流沉积机制研究——以松辽盆地东南隆起区九台地区白垩系营城组火山碎屑岩为例

火山碎屑密度流是一种危险的火山活动现象,也是一种重要的盆地物源供给方式,对其沉积机制的研究具有灾害预防和油气勘探的双重意义。松辽盆地东南隆起区九台营城煤矿地区白垩系营城组古火山机构保存良好,发育有典型的火山碎屑密度流沉积物。本文在精细刻画火山碎屑岩的岩石结构、沉积构造的基础上,运用薄片观察和沉积物粒度统计的方法,从物质来源、搬运机制和就位方式角度系统地分析了火山碎屑密度流的整个沉积过程,并结合国内外火山学、沉积学的研究进展探讨了不同浓度火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制。研究区内的火山碎屑密度流沉积物可以划分为五种微相:①块状熔结角砾凝灰岩微相;②无序含集块凝灰角砾岩微相;③逆粒序或双粒序角砾凝灰岩微相;④正粒序角砾凝灰岩微相;⑤韵律层理凝灰岩微相。第一种微相具有熔结结构,可能形成于高挥发分岩浆喷发柱的垮塌,火山碎屑密度流的就位温度较高;后四种微相具有正常火山碎屑岩结构,可能形成于火山口的侧向爆炸,火山碎屑密度流的就位温度中等。沉积块状熔结角砾凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有黏性碎屑流的流体特征,沉积物整体冻结就位;沉积无序含集块凝灰角砾岩微相和逆粒序或双粒序角砾凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有颗粒流的流体特征,沉积物整体冻结就位;沉积正粒序角砾凝灰岩微相和韵律层理凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有湍流的流体特征,沉积物连续加积就位。火山碎屑密度流的颗粒浓度是一个连续变量,但流体性质可能会发生突变,稀释的火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制符合下部流动边界模型,稠密的火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制符合层流(碎屑流或颗粒流)模型。     

Syn-sedimentary hydrothermal dolomites in a lacustrine rift basin: Petrographic and geochemical evidence from the lower Cretaceous Erlian Basin,Northern China

Dolomites occur extensively in the lower Cretaceous along syn-sedimentary fault zones of the Baiyinchagan Sag, westernmost Erlian Basin, within a predominantly fluvial–lacustrine sedimentary sequence. Four types of dolomite are identified, associated with hydrothermal minerals such as natrolite, analcime and Fe-bearing magnesite. The finely-crystalline dolomites consist of anhedral to subhedral crystals (2 to 10 μm), evenly commixed with terrigenous sediments that occur either as matrix-supporting grains (Fd1) or as massive argillaceous dolostone (Fd2). Medium-crystalline (Md) dolomites are composed of subhedral to euhedral crystals aggregates (50 to 250 μm) and occur in syn-sedimentary deformation laminae/bands. Coarse-crystalline (Cd) dolomites consist of non-planar crystals (mean size >1 mm), and occur as fracture infills cross-cutting the other dolomite types. The Fd1, Md and Cd dolomites have similar values of δ¹⁸O (−20·5 to −11·0‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite) and δ¹³C (+1·4 to +4·5‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite), but Fd2 dolomites are isotopically distinct (δ¹⁸O −8·5 to −2·3‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite; δ¹³C +1·4 to +8·6‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite). Samples define three groups which differ in light rare-earth elements versus high rare-earth elements enrichment/depletion and significance of Tb, Yb and Dy anomalies. Medium-crystalline dolomites have signatures that indicate formation from brines at very high temperature, with salinities of 11·8 to 23·2 eq. wt. % NaCl and T_h values of 167 to 283°C. The calculated temperatures of Fd1 and Cd dolomites extend to slightly lower values (141 to 282°C), while Fd2 dolomites are distinctly cooler (81 to 124°C). These results suggest that the dolomites formed from hydrothermal fluid during and/or penecontemporaneous with sediment deposition. Faults and fractures bounding the basin were important conduits through which high-temperature Mg-rich fluids discharged, driven by an abnormally high heat flux associated with local volcanism. It is thought that differing amounts of cooling and degassing of these hydrothermal fluids, and of mixing with lake waters, facilitated the precipitation of dolomite and associated minerals, and resulted in the petrographic and geochemical differences between the dolomites.     

Coseismic surface rupture characteristics and earthquake damage analysis of the eastern end of the 2021 MS 7.4 Madoi (Qinghai) earthquake

At 02:04 on May 22, 2021, an M_S 7.4 earthquake occurred in Madoi County in Qinghai Province, China. This earthquake is the largest seismic event in China since the 2008 M_S 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. Thus, it is critical to investigate surface deformation and damage in time to accurately understand the seismogenic structure of the Madoi earthquake and the seismogenic capacity of the blocks in this region. This study focuses on the Xuema Village, located at the eastern end of the coseismic surface ruptures produced by the event, and assesses the deformation and seismic damage in this area based on field surveys, UAV photogrammetry, and ground penetrating radar (GPR). The results indicate that the rupture scale is substantially smaller at the eastern end of the rupture zone compared to other segments. En echelon type shear tensile fractures are concentrated in a width range of 50–100 m, and the width of single fractures ranges from 20 to 30 cm. In contrast, the degree of seismic damage significantly increases at this site. All of the brick and timber houses are damaged or collapsed, while the steel frame structures and the color steel houses are slightly damaged. More than 80% of the bridge decks on the Changma River Bridge collapse, similar to the terraces along the Youerqu and Changma Rivers and the cut slopes of Provincial Highway S205. We infer that the seismogenic fault of the Madoi earthquake exerts a tail effect in this segment. The tension zone has led to a reduction at the eastern end of the rupture zone, causing shaking damage. Local topography and buildings without earthquake-resistant construction along the strike of the rupture zone have undergone different levels of seismic damage.     

Crustally derived granites in Dali,SW China: new constraints on silicic magmatism of the Central Emeishan Large Igneous Province

International Journal of Earth Sciences - We have identified a new crustally derived granite pluton that is related to the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). This pluton (the Wase pluton, near...