Tidal time-scale variation in nutrient flux across the sediment–water interface of an estuarine tidal flat

We determined the range of the tidal variations in nutrient flux across the sediment–water interface and elucidated mechanisms of the flux variation in two estuarine intertidal flats (one sand, one mud) in northeastern Japan. Nutrient flux was measured using in situ light and dark chambers, which were incubated for 2 h, 2–6 times per day. Results showed that nutrient concentration in overlying water varied by tide and was also affected by sewage-treated water inflow. The nutrient fluxes responded quickly to the tidal variation in overlying water chemistry and the range of the variation in flux was as large as the seasonal-scale variation reported in previous studies. In the sand flat, salinity increase likely enhanced benthos respiration and led to increases in both O₂ consumption and PO₄³⁻ regeneration under low illumination, while benthic microalgae were likely to actively generate O₂, uptake PO₄³⁻ and suppress PO₄³⁻ release under high illumination (>900 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹). Also in the mud flat, PO₄³⁻ flux was related with O₂ flux, although the range of temporal variation in PO₄³⁻ flux was small. In both the flats, NH₄⁺ flux was always governed by NH₄⁺ concentration in the overlying water; either an increase in NH₄⁺ uptake or a decrease in NH₄⁺ release was observed as the NH₄⁺ concentration rose due to inflow of river water or input of sewage-treated water. Although NO₃⁻ tended to be released in both tidal flats when low NO₃⁻ concentration seawater dominated, their relationship was likely to be weakened under conditions of low oxygen consumption and suppressed denitrification. It is likely that tidal variation in nutrient flux is governed more by the nutrient concentration than other factors, such as benthic biological processes, particularly in the case where nutrient concentration in the overlying water is relatively high and with wide amplitude.     

Dynamic hazard assessment of group-occurring debris flows based on a coupled model

Natural Hazards - A scientific hazard zoning of debris flows can ensure that human activities are not performed therein, thereby reducing economic loss as much as possible. In this study, by...     

基于贡献率权重模型的川藏铁路沿线大型滑坡危险性区划

川藏铁路工程是国家重大基础设施建设项目,保障铁路的顺利建设和后期安全运营十分重要。铁路沿线发育广泛、危害严重的大型滑坡已成为全线的关键控制性问题,关乎工程建设的成败。以川藏铁路工程沿线大型滑坡作为主要研究对象,采用历史数据分析、实地调查、遥感解译的研究方法,基于ArcGIS平台,采用贡献率权重模型对铁路沿线区域进行了大型滑坡危险性评价,并利用自然断点法对危险性评价结果进行分区及统计分析。研究结果表明:川藏铁路沿线共发育大型、特大型滑坡共147处,其中大型滑坡106处,特大型滑坡41处,主要分布于白玉至江达段、昌都至八宿段、朗县至加查段等区段;铁路沿线处于高中低度三个等级危险区的面积分别为35918.5 km2、95484.3 km2和12039.7 km2,高度危险区大型滑坡分布密度为0.00199处/km?2,约为中度或低度危险区的2倍,高度危险区主要集中在邦达—八宿段、古乡—拉月段、白玉—江达段。根据贡献率权重模型求得的川藏铁路沿线大型滑坡危险度等级与野外实地调查的大型滑坡分布密度是一致的。相关研究成果可以为川藏铁路工程建设提供科学参考与依据。     

川藏铁路全线崩滑灾害类型、特征及其空间分布发育规律

频发的山地灾害是川藏铁路建设成功与否最为关键的因素之一。本研究结合野外调查遥感解译、数理统计等研究手段,对川藏铁路沿线崩滑灾害的类型、特征及其空间分布发育规律做了深入的分析和总结。研究查明川藏铁路沿线发育的崩滑灾害共747处,其中崩塌310处,滑坡413处,溜砂坡24处;全线崩滑灾害总体分布密度为0.40处/km,其中白玉至江达段最大,线密度为1.29处/km;对铁路工程存在潜在危害或影响的灾害点共258处,其中滑坡156处,崩塌91处、溜砂坡11处。此外,通过对崩滑灾害与主要孕灾背景因子的相关关系进行分析,发现崩滑灾害点的分布受岩性、构造、地貌及河流水系等因素的控制和影响,具有分布不匀、成群分布的特点。结合灾害发育程度指数与崩滑灾害发育程度分段标准,将铁路沿线崩塌滑坡的发育程度分为5个级别共14段,其中白玉至江达段、邦达至八宿段为极强发育段,天全至新都桥段、古乡至拉月段、朗县至加查段为强发育段。本研究可为川藏铁路的减灾选线及安全运营提供重要的科学决策支撑。