灾害的评估与管理

本文根据灾害威胁的范围不同,提出了自然灾害与技术灾害在不同的社会时期和不同性质的国家的分布与造成的影响不同的观点,进而从灾害研究的历史中分析自然灾害与技术灾害的内在联系以及人们对灾害研究的观念与方法的历史变革。在上述基础上,重点阐述了灾害评估的基本概念、灾害评估的内容和程序以及灾害管理的过程与方法。     

密西西比Pisgah背斜Norphlet组巨型CO2气藏

在过去近一个世纪的油气勘探过程中，相断钻遇了诸如氮、氦和ＣＯ２等非烃气体。传统观点认为这些情况是失败的。但由于向水驱枯竭后的油藏中注ＣＯ２能大大提高采收率和７０年代的油价上涨使一些提高采收率工程经济可行，而吸引人们开始重视一些地区的ＣＯ２目的层。本文将介绍巨型ＣＯ２气藏的地质特点。另外，也讨论一下这类资源开发过程中的其它一些重要因素。其中主要包括巨型气藏的大小，ＣＯ２气的高纯度和较高的开采效果等。     

A High-Eccentricity Low-Mass Companion to HD 89744

We present deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging, as well as ground-based imaging and spectroscopy, of the optical afterglow associated with the long-duration gamma-ray burst GRB 990712 and its host galaxy. The data were obtained 48-123 days after the burst occurred. The magnitudes of the host (R=21.9, V=22.5) and optical afterglow (R=25.4, V=25.8, 47.7 days after the burst) favor a scenario in which the optical light follows a pure power-law decay with an index of alpha approximately -1.0. We find no evidence for a contribution from a supernova like SN 1998bw. This suggests that either there are multiple classes of long-duration gamma-ray bursts or that the peak luminosity of the supernova was more than 1.5 mag fainter than SN 1998bw. The HST images and EFOSC2 spectra indicate that the gamma-ray burst was located in a bright, extended feature (possibly a star-forming region) 1.4 kpc from the nucleus of a 0.2L*B galaxy at z=0.434, possibly a Seyfert 2 galaxy. The late-time afterglow and host galaxy of GRB 990712 bear some resemblance to those of GRB 970508.     

Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in biopsy samples (2004/2006) from Southern Resident killer whales

“Southern Resident” killer whales include three “pods” (J, K and L) that reside primarily in Puget Sound/Georgia Basin during the spring, summer and fall. This population was listed as “endangered” in the US and Canada following a 20% decline between 1996 and 2001. The current study, using blubber/epidermis biopsy samples, contributes contemporary information about potential factors (i.e., levels of pollutants or changes in diet) that could adversely affect Southern Residents. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes indicated J- and L-pod consumed prey from similar trophic levels in 2004/2006 and also showed no evidence for a large shift in the trophic level of prey consumed by L-pod between 1996 and 2004/2006. ∑PCBs decreased for Southern Residents biopsied in 2004/2006 compared to 1993–1995. Surprisingly, however, a three-year-old male whale (J39) had the highest concentrations of ∑PBDEs, ∑HCHs and HCB. POP ratio differences between J- and L-pod suggested that they occupy different ranges in winter.