Mobility and settlement system integration in the USSR

Recent Soviet research on commuting in the USSR is reviewed in the light of the General Strategy for a System of Settlement in the USSR, adopted in 1976. It is noted that rural-urban commuting to work has grown rapidly since 1975, particularly in the European parts of the USSR, and that most commuters prefer to live in rural or suburban areas within easy access of an urban center rather than in the central city itself.     

Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.     

测井油气地质异常及其属性数据地质意义的数学地质研究

应用地质异常分析理论的复杂系数（C值）和组合熵（H值）数值计算方法，对实际探测的测井数据（如自然电位、声波时差、自然伽马和视电阻率等数据）进行新方法探索式计算，结果可以很好地区分油气层中的含油和含水的差异程度。用因子分析和聚类分析对测井地质异常九地质意义进行研究，揭示了其实际地质意义。     

用对合图件和密封带图件帮助分析油气储层内断层密封性

有一套新的图件能够帮助分析断层对合情况和密封作用。这套图件依据岩性和断层位移大小间的相互影响确定断层的对合和密封类型，其优点是无需作出地层面和断层面的详细三维图件即可评价断层封闭性，并可用于绘制断层带的渗透率、封闭性和传导能力值图件，用这些图件可以快捷地确定临界断层的断距和对合情况，这种对合需要作出相关的图件以确定油气储层内的不同区块。     

低熔融度地幔熔浆

介绍了低熔融度地幔熔浆的研究现状和意义，特别讨论了Ｂａｋｅｒ等最新的实验结果，并与实测数据进行了比较分析，认为Ｂａｋｅｒ等的实验是研究低融度熔浆一人上实质性进展，但许多方面尚有待探索。     

华北陆块东南缘凤台组时代的讨论

华北陆块东南缘凤台组归属于震旦系或寒武系尚无定论,影响了对华北陆块震旦纪与寒武纪转折时期的古构造、古地理和古生物的重大质变事件的探讨。本文根据下震旦统顶部与凤台组之间裂离不整合的发现及其意义的讨论,以及凤台组夹层粉砂质泥岩620Ma的Pb-Pb等时线年龄,基本厘定出凤台组时代为晚震旦世。