Characteristics of mineral element content of alpine vegetation in permafrost region on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The content characteristics of 16 elements (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, and Zn) in 23 plant species collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region were investigated using ICP-OES. Results show that the average contents of Ca, K, Mg, Fe and P were higher than 1,000 mg/kg, those of Al, Na, Zn and Cr ranged between 10–1,000 mg/kg and those of Cu, Li, Pb and Mo were less than 10 mg/kg. The levels of Al, Ca, K, Mg and Na were within the scope of the reported terrestrial plant element content, those of Sr, Fe and Cr were higher than the average of the terrestrial plants and the maximum content of Mn was higher than the upper limit of the reported Mn content. The main character of the element content was of the Ca>K type, however, in terms of Cyperaceae species the element content character was K>Ca type. The contents of Ca, Li, Mg and Sr in Gramineae and Cyperaceae species were higher than those in other species and the contents of Ca, K, Mg, Fe, P, Al and Na in all collected plants were higher than those of other elements. Zn had weak variability with the lowest coefficient (i.e., 7.81%), while other elements had strong variability. The ratio of maximum content to minimum content indicated Ca and K had less change than other elements in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region. Element content of alpine vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region mainly shows a positive correlation, among which the correlation coefficient between Al and Pb, Al and Fe, Mo and Cr, Pb and Fe, Sr and Li were higher than 0.9, and negative correlation had no statistical significance. The correlation between Al and Fe, Mg, Mn in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region were consistent with that reported in Kunlun Mountains.     

爆发性气旋发展中斜压强迫与潜热释放作用的数值试验

本文利用一个六层原始方程模式对五例爆发性气旋的发展进行了数值试验,试验结果表明：斜压强迫是气旋爆发性发展的基本因子,而潜热释放的重要性则有较大差异。潜热释放的作用主要集中在两个方面：一是对低层的直接增暖,加强了上升运动;二是对局地斜压性的加强,促进了锋面、槽脊系统的发展,而这两者均有利于气旋的发展。     

Experimental study on the mechanical behaviors and particle breakage characteristics of calcareous sand from South China Sea under repeated one-dimensional impacts

The behavior of calcareous sand under repeated impact considerably differs from that of silica sand. Notably, calcareous sand is important in engineering projects in the South China Sea, such as pile driving. To understand the behavior of calcareous sand under multiple impacts, the improved split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system was selected for one-dimensional impact tests of silica and calcareous sand with particle sizes of 0.25–0.50 mm. The sand specimens were impacted 1, 3, 7 and 10 times. The test results reveal that the dynamic apparent stiffness of silica sand is approximately 6–8 times that of calcareous sand. The dynamic apparent modulus values of the two sands increase with an increase in the number of impacts, N. For calcareous sand, the compression index C_c decreases with an increase in N, and silica sand shows the opposite trend. The yield pressure p_c of calcareous sand under impact loading is approximately 40% of that of silica sand. With an increase in N, the energy absorption capacity, energy dissipation rate and damage variables of the two sands exhibit a downward trend. In addition, the energy absorption efficiency of calcareous sand is better than that of silica sand. During the process of impact, a large number of sand particles will break, and particle breakage will change the particle size distribution (PSD), thereby significantly affecting the physical and mechanical properties of the corresponding soil. Based on the test results and fractal theory, an evolution model is established to characterize the PSD evolution in the breakage state for uniformly graded calcareous sand. Moreover, a Markov chain model is proposed to describe the PSD evolution of nonuniformly graded specimens. The predicted results of both models show agreement with the experimental values.

     

湘潭市大雾的时空分布特征及其发生的天气形势分类

利用1959—2012年湘潭3个观测站资料,采用线性倾向估计、普查分析等方法,研究了湘潭市大雾的时空分布特征并将大雾发生的天气形势进行分类。结果表明:全市大雾年平均日数为18.9天,辖区内湘乡最多(25.7天),韶山最少(11.8天)。所辖3站的大雾日数整体均呈逐年增加的趋势,变化速率在1.13天/10a~2.42天/10a,1977—2002年为大雾多发时期;20世纪90年代以前每年代以4~6天的趋势递增,进入21世纪后年大雾日数呈下降趋势。湘潭连续大雾天气过程最长持续时间为12 d,80%的连续大雾为2 d。低空有下沉逆温、地面有辐射逆温,是连续大雾产生的重要条件。形成大雾的500 h Pa形势场特征主要有NW型(槽后西北气流型),SW—NW型(低槽过境型),W型(持续平直气流型),SW型(槽前西南气流型),NW—W型(由脊转槽型)等5种;地面形势主要有两种类型:一种是地面上受小高压控制或处于均匀场中,另一种为地面高压底后部、低压倒槽中或弱冷锋前。     

线性化与形式分析丢失的世界

本文以罗斯贝方程和爱因斯坦的引力波方程为例,讨论线性化和形式分析构成的物理实在性的失落,及相应“长波”和“引力波”理论存在的问题。     

不同景观区金的表生地球化学异常特征研究——以两类景观区对比研究为例

依据地球化学景观条件和采样介质的不同, 有针对性地选用顺序相态提取分析技术,对亚热带湿润－ 半湿润低山丘陵景观区和亚热带岩溶景观区内两个卡林型金矿区的表生地球化学异常特征进行了研究, 分析了景观条件、表生作用等因素对金在表生介质中的存在形式、含量变化、异常元素组合及在土壤中富集层位的影响, 探讨了导致这两类不同景观区中金的表生地球化学异常特征存在差异的原因, 并在此基础上讨论了这两类不同景观研究区中制约金的表生地球化学异常发育的重要因素。     

Observational Results of the ChangE-1 Solar X-Ray Monitor

We present the primary observations of the Solar X-ray Monitor (SXM) payload onboard the ChangE-1 lunar exploration satellite, which was launched on 24 October 2007. The SXM payload uses a solid-state silicon P-I-N photo-diode (Si-PIN) whose dynamic energy ranges from 1 keV to 10 keV. The long-term integrated spectra at different solar-activity levels as observed by the SXM are presented. By fitting these spectra with an optically thin plasma model, the two-minute temperature variation of the solar coronal plasma during a solar flare is also presented.