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Delphine Yeghicheyan Cécile Bossy Martine Bouhnik Le Coz Chantal Douchet Guy Granier Alexie Heimburger Francois Lacan Aurélie Lanzanova Tristan C. C. Rousseau Jean‐Luc Seidel Mickaël Tharaud Frédéric Candaudap Jérôme Chmeleff Christophe Cloquet Sophie Delpoux Marie Labatut Rémi Losno Catherine Pradoux Yann Sivry Jeroen E. Sonke 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2013,37(4):449-467
The natural river water certified reference material SLRS‐5 (NRC‐CNRC) was routinely analysed in this study for major and trace elements by ten French laboratories. Most of the measurements were made using ICP‐MS. Because no certified values are assigned by NRC‐CNRC for silicon and 35 trace element concentrations (rare earth elements, Ag, B, Bi, Cs, Ga, Ge, Li, Nb, P, Rb, Rh, Re, S, Sc, Sn, Th, Ti, Tl, W, Y and Zr), or for isotopic ratios, we provide a compilation of the concentrations and related uncertainties obtained by the participating laboratories. Strontium isotopic ratios are also given. 相似文献
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Numerical representations of a target reservoir can help to assess the potential of different development plans. To be as predictive as possible, these representations or models must reproduce the data (static, dynamic) collected on the field. However, constraining reservoir models to dynamic data – the history-matching process – can be very time consuming. Many uncertain parameters need to be taken into account, such as the spatial distribution of petrophysical properties. This distribution is mostly unknown and usually represented by millions of values populating the reservoir grid. Dedicated parameterization techniques make it possible to investigate many spatial distributions from a small number of parameters. The efficiency of the matching process can be improved from the perturbation of specific regions of the reservoir. Distinct approaches can be considered to define such regions. For instance, one can refer to streamlines. The leading idea is to identify areas that influence the production behavior where the data are poorly reproduced. Here, we propose alternative methods based on connectivity analysis to easily provide approximate influence areas for any fluid-flow simulation. The reservoir is viewed as a set of nodes connected by weighted links that characterize the distance between two nodes. The path between nodes (or grid blocks) with the lowest cumulative weight yields an approximate flow path used to define influence areas. The potential of the approach is demonstrated on the basis of 2D synthetic cases for the joint integration of production and 4D saturation data, considering several formulations for the weights attributed to the links. 相似文献
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Defining representative reservoir models usually calls for a huge number of fluid flow simulations, which may be very time-consuming. Meta-models are built to lessen this issue. They approximate a scalar function from the values simulated for a set of uncertain parameters. For time-dependent outputs, a reduced-basis approach can be considered. If the resulting meta-models are accurate, they can be called instead of the flow simulator. We propose here to investigate a specific approach named multi-fidelity meta-modeling to reduce further the simulation time. We assume that the outputs of interest are known at various levels of resolution: a fine reference level, and coarser levels for which computations are faster but less accurate. Multi-fidelity meta-models refer to co-kriging to approximate the outputs at the fine level using the values simulated at all levels. Such an approach can save simulation time by limiting the number of fine level simulations. The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of multi-fidelity for reservoir engineering. The reduced-basis approach for time-dependent outputs is extended to the multi-fidelity context. Then, comparisons with the more usual kriging approach are proposed on a synthetic case, both in terms of computation time and predictivity. Meta-models are computed to evaluate the production responses at wells and the mismatch between the data and the simulated responses (history matching error), considering two levels of resolution. The results show that the multi-fidelity approach can outperform kriging if the target simulation time is small. Last, its potential is evidenced when used for history matching. 相似文献
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Determination of Boron Concentration in Geochemical Reference Materials Extracted by Pyrohydrolysis and Measured by ICP‐MS
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Agnès Michel Johanna Noireaux Mickaël Tharaud 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2015,39(4):489-495
This article presents new boron concentrations for nine geochemical reference materials (GS‐N, FK‐N, GL‐O, BX‐N, DT‐N, AN‐G, GH, Mica‐Fe, Mica‐Mg). After extraction by a modified pyrohydrolysis technique, boron concentrations were measured by ICP‐MS. The blank levels for the whole procedure were 0.091 ± 0.020 ng ml?1 or 14 ± 5 ng of boron in total. The method was first validated by measuring nine reference materials with known boron concentrations. The determined boron concentrations are all within the range of recommended or published values, which means that the yields were 100%, and show precisions below 10% for samples containing over 2 μg g?1 of boron. 相似文献
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The hypothesis tested in this study is that ice‐scars recorded by lakeshore tree stands can be used as an integrative proxy indicator of the overall hydrodynamic disturbance regimes affecting northern lakeshores. A 2‐km‐long shore segment was divided into 21 sections according to shore orientation and slope. An ice‐scar chronology and a wave exposure index value were obtained for each shore section. A significant relationship was found between ice‐scar chronology and wave exposure index, which indicates that the mechanical action and physical force of ice activity mainly depend on the same environmental factors determining exposure to wave action (i.e. fetch, wind direction and velocity, and shore slope). The spatial and temporal variability of ice‐scar chronology features also corresponded to the distribution of geomorphological features associated with ice activity along the shoreline. Analysis of the hydrological signal associated with these ice‐scar chronology features indicated that an increase in ice‐push frequency observed in the 1930s can be associated to an increase in wave action related to more frequent spring floods maintaining high lake levels during the ice‐free period. This study demonstrates that ice‐scars have strong potential as proxy indicators of shore exposure and provide a temporal frame to reconstruct the history of lakeshore disturbance regimes at a local scale. Together, ice‐scars and wave exposure index provide essential information to interpret the evolution of lakeshore vegetation mosaics in time and space. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Today only 35% of the catchment area are covered by forests after deforestation, as compared with the original 70%. In connection with that, the concentration of humic matter has decreased from the original 8 mg/1 to 4 mg/1. The analysis of these changes is facilitated by the linear regressions of a high significance which exist between the COD-Mn and humic acid concentration and the colour. Parallel to deforestation, also the nitrate concentration increased, which, however, can be explained by higher nitrogen concentrations in precipitation. 相似文献
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Mickaël Mussard Jean-Louis Le Mouël Jean-Paul Poirier 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2013,345(5-6):225-229
We describe two experiments made by the 18th-century physicists Francis Hauksbee and Pieter van Musschenbroek, designed to find the dependence of the magnetic force on distance. From the experimental results, given in the form of tables, the authors did not infer any simple law. We calculated the values obtained by assuming that the force varies as the inverse square of the distance and found a good agreement with their results. It therefore appears that these remarkable experiments could have provided an experimental proof of the law. 相似文献
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