Motions in the solar atmosphere associated with the white light flare of 11 July 1978

Series of white light heliograms and oft- and on-band H filtergrams have been obtained, with an average spatial resolution of 1, to study the flare active McMath region 15403 on 11 July, 1978. A great number of accurate heliographic positions were determined for the umbrae, the white light flare patches and several bright H flare knots, as well as along the principal zero filament and an arch prominence. Using the measured heliographic coordinates of these objects their motions could be analyzed in some detail. The velocities of several different objects could be deduced from the coordinates. Since the heliocentric angle of the region was about 45°, the variation in apparent heliographic coordinates also enabled some variations in heights to be determined.It is pointed out that the flare when fully developed, consisted almost entirely of loops. The zero filament which was activated prior to the flare ran between two umbrae of common penumbra and opposite polarity, one belonging to an old, the other to a new spot group. The white light flare developed on both sides of the filament where it passed between these two umbrae; it was also the place where the flare started. Observational evidence appears to indicate that the erupted filament re-formed from below.An indication has been found that there was a link between the motion of some umbrae and the major flare occurrence.     

Attenuation Correction Procedures for Water Vapour Fluxes from Closed-Path Eddy-Covariance Systems

Evapotranspiration is a source of water vapour to the atmosphere, and as a crucial indicator of landscape behaviour its accurate measurement has widespread implications. Here we investigate errors that are prevalent and systematic in the closed-path eddy-covariance measurement of latent heat flux: the attenuation of fluxes through dampened cospectral power at high frequencies. This process is especially pronounced during periods of high relative humidity through the adsorption and desorption of water vapour along the tube walls. These effects are additionally amplified during lower air temperature conditions. Here, we quantify the underestimation of evapotranspiration by a closed-path system by comparing its flux estimate to simultaneous and adjacent measurements from an open-path sensor. We apply models relating flux loss to relative humidity itself, to the lag time of the cross-correlation peak between the water vapour and vertical wind velocity signals, and to models of cospectral attenuation relative to the cospectral power of simultaneous sensible heat-flux measurements. We find that including the role of temperature in modifying the attenuation–humidity relationship is essential for unbiased flux correction, and that physically based cospectral attenuation methods are effective characterizers of closed-path instrument signal loss relative to the unattenuated flux value.     

Mercury cycling during acid rain recovery at the forested Lesní potok catchment,Czech Republic

From 2011 to 2019, mercury (Hg) stores and fluxes were studied in the small forested catchment Lesní potok (LES) in the central Czech Republic using the watershed mass balance approach together with internal measurements. Mean input fluxes of Hg via open bulk deposition, beech throughfall and spruce throughfall during the periodwere 2.9, 3.9 and 7.6 μg m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively. These values were considerably lower than corresponding deposition Hg fluxes reported in the early years of the 21st century from catchments in Germany. Current bulk precipitation inputs at unimpacted Czech mountainous sites were lower than those in Germany. The largest Hg inputs to the catchment were via litterfall, averaging 22.6 and 17.8 μg m⁻² year⁻¹ for beech and spruce stands. The average Hg input, based on the sum of mean litterfall and throughfall deposition, was 23.0 μg m⁻² year⁻¹, compared to the estimated Hg output in runoff of 0.5 μg m⁻² year⁻¹, which is low compared to other reported values. Thus, only ~2% of Hg input is exported in stream runoff. Stream water Hg was only weakly related to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) but both concentrations were positively correlated with water temperature. The estimated total soil Hg pool averaged 47.5 mg m⁻², only 4% of which was in the O-horizon. Thus Hg in the O-horizon pool represents 72 years of deposition at the current input flux and 3800 years of export at the current runoff flux. Age-dating by ¹⁴C suggested that organic soil contains Hg from recent deposition, while mineral soil at 40–80 cm depth contained 4400-year old carbon, suggesting the soil had accumulated atmospheric Hg inputs through millennia to reach the highest soil Hg pool of the soil profile. These findings suggest that industrial era intensification of the Hg cycle is superimposed on a slower-paced Hg cycle during most of the Holocene.     

Evaluation of the Weather Research and Forecasting Mesoscale Model for GABLS3: Impact of Boundary-Layer Schemes,Boundary Conditions and Spin-Up

We evaluated the performance of the three-dimensional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model, specifically the performance of the planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parametrizations. For this purpose, Cabauw tower observations were used, with the study extending beyond the third GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Study (GABLS3) one-dimensional model intercomparison. The WRF model (version 3.4.1) contains 12 different PBL parametrizations, most of which have been only partially evaluated. The GABLS3 case offers a clear opportunity to evaluate model performance, focusing on time series of near-surface weather variables, radiation and surface flux budgets, vertical structure and the nighttime inertial oscillation. The model results revealed substantial differences between the PBL schemes. Generally, non-local schemes tend to produce higher temperatures and higher wind speeds than local schemes, in particular, for nighttime. The WRF model underestimates the 2-m temperature during daytime (about \(2\) K) and substantially underestimates it at night (about \(4\) K), in contrast to the previous studies where modelled 2-m temperature was overestimated. Considering the 10-m wind speed, during the night turbulent kinetic energy based schemes tend to produce lower wind speeds than other schemes. In all simulations the sensible and latent heat fluxes were well reproduced. For the net radiation and the soil heat flux we found good agreement with daytime observations but underestimations at night. Concerning the vertical profiles, the selected non-local PBL schemes underestimate the PBL depth and the low-level jet altitude at night by about 50 m, although with the correct wind speed. The latter contradicts most previous studies and can be attributed to the revised stability function in the Yonsei University PBL scheme. The local, turbulent kinetic energy based PBL schemes estimated the low-level jet altitude and strength more accurately. Compared to the observations, all model simulations show a similar structure for the potential temperature, with a consistent cold bias ( \(\approx \) 2 K) in the upper PBL. In addition to the sensitivity to the PBL schemes, we studied the sensitivity to technical features such as horizontal resolution and domain size. We found a substantial difference in the model performance for a range of 12, 18 and 24 h spin-up times, longer spin-up time decreased the modelled wind speed bias, but it strengthened the negative temperature bias. The sensitivity of the model to the vertical resolution of the input and boundary conditions on the model performance is confirmed, and its influence appeared most significant for the non-local PBL parametrizations.     

Evolution microtectonique et paléo-champs de contraintes du Bassin de Vienne

Résumé

Une étude des structures cassantes permet de préciser l’évolution tectonique du Bassin de Vienne, généralement considéré comme un bassin de type « pull apart » typique. Le champ de contrainte ottnangien-carpathien (18,5-16, 5 Ma) est caractérisé par une compression NNW-SSE. Pendant le Badénien-Sannanticn (16,5-11 Ma) une zone cisaillante sénestre de direction NE-SW a été formée dans un régime en compression N-S et extension E-W. En liaison avec cette zone décrochante trois types d’extension locale conduisent à une forte subsidence dans les dépression : extension NE-SW parallèle aux accidents sénestres, extension E-W entre les décrochements et extension NW-SE au-dessus des zones décrochantes profondes. Le champ de contrainte vers la fin du Sannaticn est marqué par une compression ENE-WSW, tandis que celui du Pannonicn- récent est similaire á celui du Miocène moyen.

Une rotation de la paléocontrainte maximale horizontale, de NNW-SSE a ENE-SSW est mise en évidence pendant la période Ottnangien-Sannantien (18,5-11 Ma). Cette rotation est parallèle A celle des directions de mise en place des nappes carpathicnnes externes. L’origine des rotation est l’échappement continental des Alpes orientales et des Carpathes septentrionales vers le NE et son blocage graduel d’Ouest en Est au front des nappes carpathiennes. Après ce blocage, l’échappement a continué avec une faible intensité du Pannonien à l’Actuel. Alors que l’échappement a été initié par une compression N-S due á la collision Europe-promontoire Adriatique, le champ de contrainte à l’intérieur des blocs échappés reflète l’effet de leur blocage au front des nappes carpalhiques.     

Arsenic in contaminated soils and anthropogenic deposits at the Mokrsko,Roudný, and Kašperské Hory gold deposits,Bohemian Massif (CZ)

Soil, mine tailing, and waste dump profiles above three mesothermal gold deposits in the Bohemian Massif with different anthropogenic histories have been studied. Their mineralogical, major element, and arsenic (As) contents and the contents of secondary arsenic minerals were analyzed. The As-bearing minerals were concentrated and determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the Debye-Scherrer powder method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive microanalysis (EDAX). The amorphous hydrous ferric oxides (HFO), As-bearing goethite, K-Ba- or Ca-Fe- and Fe- arsenates pharmacosiderite, arseniosiderite, and scorodite, and sulfate-arsenate pitticite were determined as products of arsenopyrite or arsenian pyrite oxidation. The As behaviour in the profiles studied differs in dependence on the surface morphology, chemical and mineralogical composition of the soil, mine wastes or tailings, oxidation conditions, pH, presence of (or distance from) primary As mineralization in the bedrock, and duration of the weathering effect. Although the primary As mineralization and the bedrock chemical composition are roughly similar, there are distinct differences in the As behaviour amongst the Mokrsko, Roudný and Kaperské Hory deposits.     

On the use of biorthogonalization for solving systems of linear equations in numerical weather forecasting

Summary The paper deals with the solving of large systems of linear equations which are created when implicit and semi-implicit differential methods are used to solve the primitive equations of the atmosphere. Systems with similar properties are also created in solving boundary problems of multi-level filtered models. First, the specific properties of these systems, which are then used to construct an efficient method of solving them, are described.     

Hercynian-thrust related shear zones and deformation of the Varied Group on the contact of granulites/Southern Moldanubian,Bohemian Massif/

The three deformation phases inferred from the detailed structural analysis of the Cesky Krumlov Varied Group record the Hercynian development of the Southern Moldanubian of the Bohemian Massif. The deformation is related to the NW-SE thrusting of the large crustal units including granulites. The formation of the NS and NW-SE trending shear zones is connected with the thrust movement. The structural development begins with F₁ isoclinal fold formation, that could originate in unmetamorphosed sediments. In the final stage, they were strongly flattened and B₁ boudinage developed in the rocks. Aplite dykes and migmatitization of paragneisses occurred at the same time the rocks were metamorphosed. The D₂ deformational phase was produced by the simple shear deformation of the unit and folds of various styles around rigid inclusions and the strike-slip shear zone near the boundary of the granulite and the Varied Group were formed. The F₁ and F₂ folds are parallel with the stretching and mineral lineation indicating a NS to NW-SE direction of the thrusting. The youngest deformation is characterized by spectacular boudinage and by folding of the vertically oriented planes.

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Zusammenfassung Drei Deformationsphasen der variszischen tektonischen Entwicklung sind in der Bunten Gruppe des südlichen Moldanubikums des Böhmischen Massivs enthalten. Die Deformation ist mit der von NW nach SE orientierten überschiebung von gro\en Krusteneinheiten mit Granuliten verbunden. Die Entstehung von jüngeren N-S und NW-SE verlaufenden Scherzonen kann auf die überschiebungsbewegung bezogen werden. Die Strukturentwicklung beginnt mit F₁ isoklinalen Falten, die wahrscheinlich den nichtmetamorphisierten Sedimenten aufgeprägt wurden. Während der Abschlu\phase der Formung wurden sie stark geplättet und es entstand die B₁ Boudinage. Die Aplitgänge, Migmatitisation der Paragneisse und Metamorphose der Gesteine sind gleichzeitig. Die D₂ Deformationsphase wurde durch einfache Scherung der Einheit hervorgerufen und es entstanden Falten verschiedenen tektonischen Stils in der Umgebung starrer Einschlüsse und die Blattverschiebung an der Grenze von Granulit und Bunter Gruppe. Die F₁ und F₂ Falten liegen parallel zur Streckungslmeation und überschiebungsrichtung ab. Die jüngste Deformation ist charakterisiert durch eine spektakuläre Boudinage und Faltung der senkrecht stehenden Flächen.

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Résumé L'étude structurale détaillée de la Série Variée du Moldanubien méridional dans le Massif de Bohème a permis de distinguer trois phases de déformation dans le développement tectonique varisque. Cette déformation est liée au charriage, du Nord-Ouest vers le Sud-Est, de grandes unités crustales comportant des granulites. La genèse de zones de cisaillement plus jeunes, d'orientation N-S et NW-SE peut Être liée au mÊme processus de charriage. Le développement structural commence avec des plis isoclinaux F₁ engendrés vraisemblablement dans les sédiments non métamorphisés. Au stade final de leur formation, ils ont été très aplatis et un boudinage B₁ est apparu. L'intrusion de filons d'aplite et la migmatitisation des paragneisses sont contemporaines du métamorphisme. La deuxième déformation D₂ a été le fait d'un cisaillement simple; à ce moment se sont formés des plis de style tectonique très variés, localisés fréquemment autour d'inclusions rigides. De cette étape date également le décrochement ductile entre les granulites et la Série Variée. Les plis F₁ et F₂ sont parallèles à la linéation d'étirement (linéation minérale) qui indique la direction N-S à NW-SE du charriage. La déformation la plus jeune comporte un boudinage spectaculaire et le plissement des plans d'attitude verticale.

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