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1.
Despite significant technological advances in emerging economies, the further development of clean energy technologies in developing countries remains crucial to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with economic development. In this paper we address two significant gaps in the growing body of literature that has assessed the role of the Clean Development Mechanism in promoting the transfer of clean technologies to developing countries. First, we present a qualitative analysis of the governance of the Clean Development Mechanism in India. This provides a basis for understanding the extent to which and the ways in which governance may impact upon the likelihood that projects promote technology transfer. Second, we provide a novel quantification of the level and nature of technology transfer that has occurred in Indian Clean Development Mechanism projects, based on insights from literature on technological capability building. We find that the Clean Development Mechanism in India has produced a negligible number of projects that promote technology transfer if technology transfer is understood as a process of learning about technology. Together these qualitative and quantitative analyses show how politics and governance have contributed to the current form of the Clean Development Mechanism market in India, in which processes of building indigenous technological capabilities have been neglected. 相似文献
2.
Kasturi Devi Kanniah Jason Beringer Nigel J. Tapper Chuck N. Long 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,100(3-4):423-438
Aerosols have been shown to affect the quantity and quality of solar radiation on the Earth’s surface. Savanna regions are subject to frequent burning and release of aerosols that may impact on radiation components and possibly vegetation productivity in this region. Therefore, in this study, we have analyzed the optical properties of aerosols (aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom coefficient) from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site in Darwin for the periods from April 2002 to June 2005 as measured by a multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer. The influence of aerosols and their effect on surface shortwave incoming solar radiation and savanna productivity were examined for the dry season using sky radiation collection of radiometers and eddy covariance measurements from the Howard Springs flux site. Results indicated that aerosol concentrations in the region were relatively low compared to other savanna regions with the maximum monthly average AOD over the period being the greatest in October (0.29?±?0.003 standard error at 500 nm). The highest monthly average Angstrom exponent was also found in October (1.38?±?0.008). The relatively low aerosol concentration in this region can be attributed to the mixture of smoke aerosols with humidity haze and local circulations. Over a range of AODs from 0.1 to 0.4, we found a modest increase in the fraction of diffuse radiation to total radiation from 11% to 21%. This small increase in diffuse fraction did not affect the carbon flux significantly. However, because the current range of AOD in the region is relatively low, the region could be sensitive to increases in aerosols and diffuse fraction in the future. 相似文献
3.
Nurul Hawani Idris Mohamad Jahidi Osman Kasturi Devi Kanniah Nurul Hazrina Idris Mohamad Hafis Izran Ishak 《制图学和地理信息科学》2017,44(2):113-127
ABSTRACTWeb 2.0 and the proliferation of built-in Global Positioning System (GPS) on smartphones have influenced the increase of geo-crowdsourcing activities in a number of different contexts. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of indigenous people’s use of mobile collection applications that are embedded in a smartphone to facilitate ecotourism asset mapping. In order to achieve this, field usability testing was conducted where structured observational method was used to assess the performance. The findings indicate majority of them can complete the data entry tasks using mobile data collection. The performance of data entries using radio button, icons, camera and audio methods were identified as better than free text and drop-down list methods. There was a correlation between the level of education with the ability of using radio button, drop-down list and image icon as data entry methods. The paper also discusses the extent of local knowledge relating to ecotourism within the community. The findings should be useful in the understanding of the design of mobile geo-crowdsourcing tools for use within other contexts that focus on data collection by semiliterate and indigenous groups. 相似文献
4.
This paper describes two custom-integrated circuits, which form the core building blocks of a versatile wideband sonar array. An analog 0.5-mum complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip houses a preamplifier, an antialias filter, and a high-resolution (14-16 b) data converter based on delta-sigma modulation techniques. A complementary 0.35-mum digital CMOS chip incorporates a four-stage multirate filter cascade, which provides a wideband and two narrowband outputs. The complex narrowband outputs are obtained via a subsampling mixer and span over the top 15% or the top 10%, respectively, of the original band. The system sampling clock can vary from 2 to 10 MHz to enable tuning to a specific frequency window located anywhere between 30 and 150 kHz. Both chips process four sonar channels in parallel and, when clocked at 10 MHz, dissipate a combined power of 416 mW (104 mW per channel). 相似文献
5.
Ben J. Kefford Kasturi Reddy-LopataColin Clay Tarah HagenOrsolya Parkanyi Dayanthi Nugegoda 《Limnologica》2011,41(2):96-106
Salinity of inland waters is affected by a range of human activities and is regarded as a major environmental contaminant in many parts of the world. Changes in salinity are well known to be associated with changes in macroinvertebrate communities of flowing waters. However, as many environmental factors co-vary with salinity, it is not known whether, and if so how, salinity causes communities to change. Being able to measure the osmoregulatory stress that individual stream macroinvertebrates are experiencing would be useful to understand if and how salinity affects their populations and thus communities. Additionally, inferring salinity stress in individual invertebrates could provide a valuable biomonitoring tool to detect the initial effects of salinity before major ecological changes have occurred. Osmoregulation in larval Chironomidae (Diptera) takes place in the anal papillae and their size is believed to be associated with osmoregulatory stress. In two laboratory experiments and a field survey in southern Victoria, Australia, we determine if the size of the anal papillae of larva chironomids is a useful biomarker of salinity stress. Experiments with Chironomus oppositus showed that the surface area of the anal papillae was similar in larva hatched across 5 egg masses collected from 3 sites but were affected by salinity treatments. Furthermore, the (transformed) ratio of this surface area to the body length of the larva was independent of the size of C. oppositus. However, for Chironomus cloacalis, this surface area differed between larva hatched from egg masses collected from the same site. The expected trend in surface area of the anal papillae relative to the size of larva (Chironomu alternans, C. cloacalis, Dicrotendipes sp., Criptochironomus sp. and Tanypodinae) was not duplicated in the field survey. It would appear that unknown factors, other than salinity, are affecting the size of the anal papillae of chironomids in southern Victoria. 相似文献
6.
A granite-granodiorite-gabbro-ultramafic rock association occurs in the southern sector of Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex in Central India. Field relations show mingling and mixing of mafic and granodioritic magmas along the contacts of the intrusives. Petrographic studies, coupled with analyses of phase compositions and bulk rock major and trace element compositions favor origin of mafic magma from partial melting of sub-continental hybridized lithospheric mantle and subsequent two stage emplacement. Initial ponding of mafic magma at basal crust elevated the geothermal gradient so as to cause partial melting of lower crustal materials and generation of granodioritic melt. Simultaneous emplacement of granodioritic and mafic magmas tapped from basal crustal reservoir at mid-crustal depth resulted in restricted mingling-mixing along the contacts of the contrasting magma types locally producing rocks of dioritic composition. The mode of evolution of this cogenetic mafic-felsic association, when combined with available geochronological data, has important implications in demarcation of the extent of Grenvellian orogen that resulted in amalgamation of the Southern Crustal Province of India (SCP) with the Bundelkhand Craton or Northern Crustal Province (NCP). 相似文献
7.
Kasturi Chakraborty P. K. Mukhopadhyay Praveer Pankaj 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2016,87(6):631-660
The western part of Cuddapah basin has been considered as a foreland to the fold-thrust belt represented by eastern Nallamalais and Nellore schist belt. The igneous activities, in the form of lava flows and sills, in western Cuddapahs have been a subject of controversy since tectonogenetic models ranging from a mantle plume to lithospheric extension have been suggested. The present work covers a detailed study of the mafic sills and lava flows of Vempalle and Tadpatri formations in western Cuddapahs, which earlier workers have also noted. A detailed field and laboratory work in this study brings out, for the first time, five distinct petrographic and geochemical varieties of sills. Geochemical studies also suggest that the different sill types have originated from varying degrees of partial melting of a metasomatized subcrustal lithospheric mantle, the metasomatism of source being attributed to older Archaean convergent settings/greenstone belts that the basin unconformably overlies. The possible contribution of any small plume is only heating and doming of overlying mantle that induced incipient crustal rifting. Our geochemical studies on the lava flows of Vempalle Formation also suggest that the magma was derived from small degree of partial melting of spinel-garnet peridotite mantle in a rift setting. 相似文献
8.
M. K. Bera Kasturi Bhattacharya A. Sarkar A. Samanta Kishor Kumar Ashok Sahni 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,76(3):275-282
Oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of fossil bone and tooth enamel phosphate (bioapatite) is an important tool for estimating the isotopic composition of
past environmental water. Lack of analytical facility was a hindrance for studying such bioapatites in spite of large number
of fossil materials reported from various geological ages in India. We have established in our laboratory, based on available
methods, the chemical procedure for extraction of very small amount (<1000 μg) PO4
−3 from bioapatite and on-line mass spectrometric measurement of its δ18O composition by high temperature (∼1450°C) pyrolysis. The achieved precision is ∼± 0.3 ‰ similar to obtained elsewhere, with
interlaboratory calibration showing excellent agreement of standard phosphates. Inferred δ18O values of environmental water, based on the analysis of teeth and bones of sharks, fish and terrestrial mammals from the
Paleogene successions of the northwest sub-Himalayan and the Peninsular India show strong correspondence with animal habitats.
The freshwater δ18O values are much depleted having range similar to modern monsoon precipitation. However, owing to our small dataset it is
not possible at this stage to infer about the existence of monsoon over the Indian sub-continent during the Eocene-Oligocene
time. 相似文献
9.
Modeling forest fire risk in the northeast of Iran using remote sensing and GIS techniques 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Fire in forested areas can be regarded as an environmental disaster which is triggered by either natural forces or anthropogenic activities. Fires are one of the major hazards in forested and grassland areas in the north of Iran. Control of fire is difficult, but it is feasible to map fire risk by geospatial technologies and thereby minimize the frequency of fire occurrences and damages caused by fire. The fire risk models provide a suitable concept to understand characterization of fire risk. Some models are map based, and they combine effectively different forest fire–causing variables with remote sensing data in a GIS environment for identifying and mapping forest fire risk. In this study, Structural Fire Index, Fire Risk Index, and a new index called Hybrid Fire Index were used to delineate fire risk in northeastern Iran that is subjected to frequent forest fire. Vegetation moisture, slope, aspect, elevation, distance from roads, and vicinity to settlements were used as the factors influencing accidental fire starts. These indices were set up by assigning subjective weight values to the classes of the layers based on their sensitivity ratio to fire. Hot spots data derived from MODIS satellite sensor were used to validate the indices. Assessment of the indices with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves shows that 76.7 % accuracy of the HFI outperformed the other two indices. According to the Hybrid Fire Index, 57.5 % of the study area is located under high-risk zone, 33 % in medium-risk zone, and the remaining 9.5 % area is located in low-risk zone. 相似文献
10.
Godi Fischer Sangmok Lee Michael Obara Prasan Kasturi H. Thomas Rossby Conrad W. Recksiek 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2006,31(4):975-985
This paper presents the design of an ultralow-power acoustical receiver circuit intended to track small aquatic animals. The receiver forms a crucial component of a versatile data logger capable of sensing and storing a variety of biologically important data such as geographic position, ambient temperature, pressure, etc. The size of the final tag will be determined by the size of the cylindrical hydrophone, which will serve as housing for all electronic components, the external sensors, the timing crystal, and the battery. The receiver circuit was prototyped on a 0.5-mum complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip. Extensive lab tests proved all system component functional. The fully operational receiver consumes 21 muW at 3 V. Results from a preliminary field test, conducted with a source generating a sound pressure level of 180 dB re 1 muPa, predict a tracking range of 100-120 km 相似文献