Weichselian in Finland before 15,000 B. P.

A historical review is given of the stratigraphic and chronological research of the Weichselian glaciation in Finland. Submorainic interglacial organogenic deposits have been found in Finnish Lapland and Ostrobothnia. Radiocarbon analyses give ages of over 50,000 years B.P. and the microfissil assemblages indicate climatic conditions that are more fovourable than at present. Interstadial deposits with radiocarbon ages of 42,000 to over 50,000 years B.P. contain fossil assemblages in dicating a poorer climate than at present. A tentative correlation of the Weichselian stratigraphy by various authors is presented.     

Weichselian sediment succession at Ruunaa, Finland, indicating a Mid-Weichselian ice-free interval in eastern Fennoscandia

Core material obtained from three boreholes was studied from the Ruunaa area, Finnish northern Karelia, in order to reveal the Late Pleistocene environmental history of eastern Finland. Conventional litho- and biostratigraphical methods were used and suitable sediment samples were dated using quartz optically stimulated luminescence. The results indicate that two till units were deposited by two separate Weichselian ice advances into the area. The first advance took place prior to 52 kyr ago, most likely during the early Middle Weichselian, while the second is thought to have taken place during the Late Weichselian after 25 kyr ago. The sediment succession at Ruunaa therefore indicates a Middle Weichselian ice-free period around 50–25 kyr ago in the eastern part of Fennoscandia.     

考虑目标光谱差异的机载离散激光雷达叶面积指数反演

利用间隙率模型反演LAI（Leaf Area Index），需要同时获取冠层间隙率和消光系数，后者与冠层叶倾角分布有关。基于点云数量构建激光雷达穿透指数LPI （LiDAR Penetration Index），用以代替冠层间隙率GF （Gap Fraction），并利用间隙率模型反演冠层LAI是利用LiDAR PCD（LiDAR Point Cloud Data）数据反演冠层LAI主要思路。冠层和背景的光谱差异是影响PCD数据中冠层和背景点云数量的重要因素，因此从LPI到GF的校正需要获取背景和冠层的后向散射系数比（μ=ρg/ρv）。本文基于PCD数据中点云强度进行μ值获取，用以实现LPI到GF的校正；在假设区域内叶倾角满足椭球形叶倾角分布的基础上，利用样地尺度下的多角度GF，采用有约束的非线性最优化方法获取椭球形叶倾角分布参数χ，实现冠层消光系数的获取；最后利用间隙率模型实现基于PCD数据的LAI反演。本文探讨了基于PCD数据进行冠层LAI反演时，样地尺度Rxy_Tile、样方尺度Rxy_Plot以及进行背景和冠层分割的高度阈值Ht对模型的影响。结果显示，由于区域内地衣植被广泛覆盖，基于点云强度的μ 值接近1，符合区域特点；经过μ值校正后的GF对冠层间隙率具有较好的反映能力（R2=0.78,RMSE=0.09）；对于优势种明显的区域，基于样地尺度内多角度GF的χ值反演受样地内冠间大间隙的影响，选择合适的样地尺度能够减小LAI反演过程中的系统性误差；结合地面参考数据，确定的最优Rxy_Tile、Rxy_Plot和Ht分别为950 m、10 m和2.6 m，在此基础上反演的LAI与地面测量数据具有高度的一致性（R2=0.84,RMSE=0.51）；与Rxy_Plot相比，基于间隙率模型的LAI反演对Ht的选择更为敏感。     

The deglaciation of Finland after 10,000 B. P.

Various concepts of the deglaciation of Finland are presented in the form of a historical review. The suggestions of an early (12,000–10,000 B.P) deglaciation of eastern and northern Finland are considered to be erroneous. A map depicting the ice recession as successive ice-marginal lines is presented. According to radiocarbon dates the Finnish territory was entirely deglaciated slightly after 9000 B. P.