Possible Impacts of the Arctic Oscillation on the Interdecadal Variation of Summer Monsoon Rainfall in East Asia

The influences of the wintertime AO (Arctic Oscillation) on the interdecadal variation of summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia were examined. An interdecadal abrupt change was found by the end of the 1970s in the variation of the AO index and the leading principal component time series of the summer rainfall in East Asia, The rainfall anomaly changed from below normal to above normal in central China, the southern part of northeastern China and the Korean peninsula around 1978. However,the opposite interdecadal variation was found in the rainfall anomaly in North China and South China.The interdecadal variation of summer rainfall is associated with the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation. It is indicated that the interdecadal variation of the AO exerts an influence on the weakening of the monsoon circulation. The recent trend in the AO toward its high-index polarity during the past two decades plays important roles in the land-sea contrast anomalies and wintertime precipitation anomaly. The mid- and high-latitude regions of the Asian continent are warming, while the low-latitude regions are cooling in winter and spring along with the AO entering its high-index polarity after the late 1970s. In the meantime, the precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and South China is excessive, implying an increase of soil moisture. The cooling tendency of the land in the southern part of Asia will persist until summer because of the memory of soil moisture. So the warming of the Asian continent is relatively slow in summer. Moreover, the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean which are located southward and eastward of the Asian land, are warming from winter to summer. This suggests that the contrast between the land and sea is decreased in summer. The interdecadal decrease of the land-sea heat contrast finally leads to the weakening of the East Asia summer monsoon circulation.     

陕西泾河南岸大堡子高速远程黄土滑坡运动过程模拟

高速远程滑坡具有速度快、运程远的特点,一旦发生,人员逃离十分困难,往往造成严重灾难,因此对这类滑坡展开研究具有重要意义。对已发生滑坡运动过程进行参数反演和模拟可为潜在高速远程滑坡的预测提供借鉴。因此本文以陕西泾河南岸大堡子高速远程黄土滑坡为例,在野外调查测绘和室内试验的基础上,利用Sassa的滑坡运动模型对该滑坡运动过程进行模拟分析。结果表明,滑坡体最大平均速度为9.56m·s-1,具有高速运动特点,运动持时为24.5s,滑坡运动过程可分为启动加速阶段（0~5.7s）和运动减速阶段（5.7~24.5s）,加速阶段平均加速度为1.68m·s-2,减速阶段加速度为-0.51m·s-2,加速过程比减速快3倍左右。滑坡区高陡地形和黄土高结构强度为滑坡高速运动提供条件,开阔阶地地形以及阶地砂砾石层近饱和含水条件决定滑坡远程运动特点。     

藏东南高位远程滑坡动力学特征及研究难点

藏东南地区地理位置特殊、地形地貌独特、水力资源丰沛、战略地位重要,规划建设有诸多重大战略性基础设施和建设工程。受构造性隆升、地震活动、海洋性冰川、立体气候和人类工程活动等内外动力因素影响,该区域内密集发育高位远程滑坡地质灾害,严重威胁重大工程的安全运营。高位远程滑坡具有隐蔽性强、冲击力大、致灾范围广等特点,使得当前的研究面临“起滑机制不清、灾变机理不明、运动预测不准”的挑战,亟需解决复杂地质环境下高位远程滑坡具有的超高起滑势能、超强运动特性和超大致灾能力3个方面的科学问题,有待揭示藏东南地区孕灾环境特征和滑坡分布规律、高海拔脆性岩体起滑机制、高位崩滑体运动形态转化机制和崩滑体流态化远程运动机制等研究难点。基于这些成果构建的高位远程滑坡动力学将有助于指导藏东南重大工程规划建设中地质灾害风险防范的理论依据,对藏东南地区可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

A Lagrangian mean theory on coastal sea circulation with inter-tidal transports Ⅱ. Numerical Experiments

The results of the new concept of coastal sea circulation are demonstrated by numerical simulations for the first time. The numerical experiments in three types of rectangular model seas illustrate the dependence of circulation on tidal phases due to the convectively nonlinear effect which is estimated by a newly defined drift dispersion in-dex. Then, the present theory is applied in the Bohai Sea of China. At the Bohai Straits and the Huanghe River mouth area the circulation direction even reverses owing to different initial tidal phases which shows that the the-ory copes with nonlinearity well. The calculated M2 tide-induced residual circulation shows that a clockwise gyre exists in the center of an anticlockwise gyre in the central Bohai Sea due to the topographic features. In the Bo-hai Gulf the tide induced circulation shows a 3D structure with outflow at the surface and the inflow at the bottom which can partly explains the spread of the Huanghe River fresh water out of the Bohai Gulf and the inflow of the sediment from the Huanghe River.     

Multi-Waves,Breathers, Periodic and Cross-Kink Solutions to the(2+1)-Dimensional Variable-Coefficient Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon-Kotera-Sawada Equation

The present article deals with multi-waves and breathers solution of the(2+1)-dimensional variable-coefficient CaudreyDodd-Gibbon-Kotera-Sawada equation under the Hirota bilinear operator method.The obtained solutions for solving the current equation represent some localized waves including soliton,solitary wave solutions,periodic and cross-kink solutions in which have been investigated by the approach of the bilinear method.Mainly,by choosing specific parameter constraints in the multi-waves and breathers,all cases the periodic and cross-kink solutions can be captured from the 1-and 2-soliton.The obtained solutions are extended with numerical simulation to analyze graphically,which results in 1-and 2-soliton solutions and also periodic and cross-kink solutions profiles.That will be extensively used to report many attractive physical phenomena in the fields of acoustics,heat transfer,fluid dynamics,classical mechanics,and so on.We have shown that the assigned method is further general,efficient,straightforward,and powerful and can be exerted to establish exact solutions of diverse kinds of fractional equations originated in mathematical physics and engineering.We have depicted the figures of the evaluated solutions in order to interpret the physical phenomena.     

海底滑坡在太平洋的发育程度和经济意义

覆盖着三分之一地球表面,从赤道一直延伸到高纬度的太平洋,包含着许多易于产生海底滑坡的环境要素。这些要素的破坏导致了滑坡,成为一种将大量沉积物从海滨送到深水区的地质作用,并且对滨海和海岸的发展构成危险。海底滑坡也会造成人身伤亡。通过以下现象的观察可以确定和鉴别太平洋的海底滑坡:(1)海滨线和海岸建筑物破坏;(2)通讯电缆等滨海建筑物遭到破坏;(3)海底地貌在短时间内发生变化;(4)在高分辨率的声学剖面上具有特定的海底地貌特征。通过对由以上这些观察所发现的几个滑坡的研究可以使我们清楚地弄清楚这些滑坡的分布、规模和地貌特征。对海滨线和海岸建筑物造成直接影响的几个滑坡实例中,发生在不列颠哥伦比亚(加拿大)的Howe Sound的粗粒扇形三角洲中的滑坡属其中之一;另一起发生在不     

Minimum Bedrock Exposure Ages and Their Implications: Larsemann Hills and Neighboring Bolingen Islands, East Antarctica

<正>Considerable controversy exists over whether or not extensive glaciation occurred during the global Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) in the Larsemann Hills.In this study we use the in situ produced cosmogenic nuclide ~(10)Be(half life 1.51 Ma) to provide minimum exposure ages for six bedrock samples and one erratic boulder in order to determine the last period of deglaciation in the Larsemann Hills and on the neighboring Bolingen Islands.Three bedrock samples taken from Friendship Mountain(the highest peak on the Mirror Peninsula,Larsemann Hills;～2 km from the ice sheet) have minimum exposure ages ranging from 40.0 to 44.7 ka.The erratic boulder from Peak 106(just at the edge of the ice sheet) has a younger minimum exposure age of only 8.8 ka.The minimum exposure ages for two bedrock samples from Blundell Peak(the highest peak on Stornes Peninsula,Larsemann Hills;～2 km from the ice sheet) are about 17 and 18 ka.On the Bolingen Islands(southwest to the Larsemann Hills;～10 km from the ice sheet),the minimum exposure age for one bedrock sample is similar to that at Friendship Mountain(i.e.,44 ka).Our results indicate that the bedrock exposure in the Larsemann Hills and on the neighboring Bolingen Islands commenced obviously before the global LGM(i.e.,20-22 ka),and the bedrock erosion rates at the Antarctic coast areas may be obviously higher than in the interior land.     

Changes in Land Use and Agricultural Production Structure Before and After the Implementation of Grain for Green Program in Western China–Taking Two Typical Counties as Examples

Soil erosion becomes a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in western China. An effective management practice called the Grain for Green Program （GGP）, which was launched in 1999, aims to reduce soil and water loss and alleviate the ecological environment problem in western China. Two typical counties in western China, the Zhongxian （in Chongqing Municipality） and Ansai （in Shaanxi Province） were chosen to evaluate the dynamic changes of land use and agricultural production structure before and after the implementation of the Program in this paper. The results showed that the cultivated land area was reduced by 7.08% from 1989 to 2003. The cultivated land per person was decreased by 8.42% during 1999-2003. Moreover, the stability index of the secondary sector of the economy was increased from 0.91 in the period 1990-1999 to 0.94 in the following ten years. In addition, the stability index of tertiary economic sector increased from 0.88 to 0.92 in Zhongxian county. Meanwhile, the cultivated land area was reduced by 15.48% from 1990 to 1999. The soil erosion modulus was decreased by 33.33% from 1999 to 2006. Also, the stability index of secondary and tertiary economic sectors was 0.86 in the period 1998-2002. However, it decreased by 77% during 2002 to 2007 in Ansai County. These results imply that the Grain for Green Program had different impact on the two regions. Several effective strategies of soil and water conservation have been carried out to ameliorate the sustainable development of ecological environment and economy in these two counties of western China.     

Ore-forming Fluid Characteristics of the Saishitang Cu-polymetallic Deposit in Qinghai Province, China

Saishitang Cu-polymetallic deposit is located in the southeast section of Late Paleozoic arcfold in the southeastern margin of Qaidam platform. Accoring to the geological process of the deposit,four mineralization episodes were identified: melt/fluid coexisting period(O),skarn period(A),first sulfide period(B) and second sulfide period(C),and 10 stages were finally subdivided. Three types of inclusions were classified in seven stages,namely crystal bearing inclusions(type I),aqueous inclusions(type II) and pure liquid inclusions(type III). Type I and II inclusions were observed in stage O1,having homogenization temperature from 252 to 431°C,and salinities ranging from 24.3% to 48.0%. Type I inclusion was present in stage A1,having homogenization temperature from 506 to 548°C,and salinities ranging from 39.4% to 44.6%. In stage B1,type II and III inclusions were observed,with homogenization temperature concentrating between 300–400°C,and salinities from 0.4% to 4.3%. Type II inclusions were present in stage B2,with homogenization temperature varying from 403 to 550°C. In stage C1,type I and II inclusion commonly coexisted,and constituted a boiling inclusion group,having homogenization temperatures at 187–463°C,and salinities in a range of 29.4%–46.8% and 2.2%–11.0%. Type II and III inclusions were developed in stage C2,having homogenization temperature at 124–350°C,and salinities ranging between 1.6% and 15.4%. In stage C3,type II and III inclusions were presented,with a homogenization temperature range of 164–360°C,and salinities varying from 4.0% to 11.0%. The results of micro-thermal analysis show that fluids are characterized by high temperature and high salinity in stage O1 and A1,and experienced slight decrease in temperature and dramatic decrease in salinity in stage B1 and B2. In stage C1,the salinity of fluid increased greatly and a further decrease of temperature and salinity occurred in stage C2 and C3. Fluids boiled in stage C1. With calculated pressure of 22 MPa from the trapping temperature of 284–289°C,a mineralization depth of 2.2 km was inferred. Results of Laser Raman Spectroscopy show high density of H2 O,CH4 and CO2 were found as gas composition. H-O isotope study indicates the oreforming fluids were the mixture of magmatic water and meteoric water. Physicochemical parameters of fluids show oxygen and sulfur fugacity experienced a decrease,and redox state is weakly reducing. Along with fluid evolution,oxidation has increased slightly. Comprehensive analysis shows that melt exsolution occurred during the formation of quartz diorite and that metal elements existed and migrated in the form of chlorine complex. Immiscible fluid separation and boiling widely occurred after addition of new fluids,bringing about dissociation of chlorine-complex,resulting in a great deal of copper precipitation. In conclusion,Saishitang deposit,controlled by regional tectonics,is formed by metasomatism between highly fractionated mineralization rock body and wall rock,and belongs to banded skarn Cu-polymetallic deposit.