The concentration and isotopic composition of carbon in basaltic glasses from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Pacific Ocean

The abundance and 13C/12C ratios of carbon were analyzed in basaltic glass from twenty locations along the Juan de Fuca Ridge using a 3-step combustion/extraction technique. Carbon released during the first two combustion steps at 400-500 degrees C and 600-650 degrees C is interpreted to be secondary, and only the carbon recovered during a final combustion step at approximately 1200 degrees C is thought to be indigenous to the samples. For carbon released at approximately 1200 degrees C, glasses analyzed as 1-2 mm chips contained 23-146 ppm C with delta 13C values of -4.8 to -9.3%, whereas samples crushed to 38-63 microns or 63-90 microns yielded 56-103 ppm C with delta 13C values of -6.1 to -9.2%. The concentrations and isotopic compositions of the primary carbon dissolved in the glasses and present in the vesicles are similar to those previously reported for other ocean-ridge basalts. The Juan de Fuca basaltic magmas were not in equilibrium with respect to carbon when they erupted and quenched on the sea floor. Evidence of disequilibrium includes (1) a large range of carbon contents among glasses collected at similar depths, (2) a highly variable calculated carbon isotopic fractionation between melt and vapor determined by comparing crushed and uncrushed splits of the same sample, and (3) a lack of correlation between vesicle abundance, carbon concentration, and depth of eruption. Variations in carbon concentration and delta 13C ratios along the ridge do not correlate with major element chemistry. The observed relationship between carbon concentrations and delta 13C values may be explained by late-stage, variable degrees of open-system (Rayleigh-like) degassing.     

Species sensitivity distributions: data and model choice

Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are increasingly incorporated into ecological risk assessment procedures. Although these new techniques offer a more transparent approach to risk assessment they demand more and superior quality data. Issues of data quantity and quality are especially important for marine datasets that tend to be smaller (and have fewer standard test methods) when compared with freshwater data. An additional source of uncertainty when using SSDs is appropriate selection from the range of methods used in their construction. We show through examples the influence of data quantity, data quality, and choice of model. We then show how regulatory decisions may be affected by these factors.     

地质档案在经济建设中的作用

结合新疆维吾尔自治区地质档案资料二次开发利用带来的经济、社会效益,阐明了开展地质资料专项清理,推进地质档案开发利用,为区域经济建设服务的重要性。     

加里福尼亚Fremont谷一井可反映断层的最新活动

自1978年3月,在Fresmout谷(F谷)一口井中连续记录到水位资料.其靠近Garlock断裂带(G带)上的数条断层显示出有左旋位移和倾滑位移.水位差表明有断层从观测井和灌溉井间通过.4年间,记录到6次急剧的水位变化(脉冲),这些发生在2—4天以上的水位变化,幅度为15—30厘米,似断层蠕动的结果.在观测井南300米处的G带上可能有两种蠕动:(1)阶梯状的倾滑位移;(2)左旋位移.利用指数函数、反正切函数和斜余弦函数变化的位错模型分析了水位变化、压力分布和断层位移.结果表明,该断层上的单个蠕动事件的位移量在1厘米以内.1978—1982年期间,累计蠕变值为20-50毫米,这取决于使用模型的特殊性.