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1.
We test the hypothesis that flexural isostatic compensation of the mass removed by enhanced Quaternary erosion is responsible for uplift of the Western European Alps and their forelands. We use two well‐preserved and well‐dated (1.8 Ma) abandonment surfaces of foreland basin remnants in SE France (the Chambaran and Valensole plateaux) as passive benchmarks for tilting of the foreland. Estimating their initial slope from morphometric scaling relationships, we determine bulk post‐depositional tilting of 0.5–0.8% for these surfaces. The calculated isostatic response of the Alpine lithosphere to erosional unloading, using the method recently proposed by Champagnac et al. [Geology 35 (2007) 195–198] , yields a predicted tilting of 0.3–0.4% in the considered areas, explaining approximately half of the determined post‐depositional tilting. Such long‐term deformation being insensitive to cyclic loading/unloading because of glaciations, we suspect the other half to be related to as yet undetermined long‐wavelength and long‐lived tectonic process(es). 相似文献
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3.
Jean-Denis Taupin Gaëlle Gaultier Guillaume Favreau Christian Leduc Christelle Marlin 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(1):43-50
The isotopic content of rainfall was measured in Niamey (Niger) over a period of eight years (1992–1999). Seasonal distribution of rainy events depends on the monsoon movement over the region. At the beginning and at the end of the rainy season, low rainfall, high temperatures and low relative humidity favour isotopic enrichment. In the middle of the rainy season, heavy rainfall, low temperatures and relative humidity close to saturation lead to isotopically depleted contents because of the mass effect; moreover, in the case of low rainfall, marked vertical convective development favours high altitude condensation. How far the Intertropical Front moves north, determines the quality of the rainy season and influences the isotopic contents. Thus the isotopic contents of rainfall are good climatic indicators. To cite this article: J.-D. Taupin et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 43–50 相似文献
4.
采用三维有限元方法,研究了面板竖缝特性对面板堆石坝中面板应力变形的影响。基于类似子结构法概念,建立了精细模拟面板及其分缝特性的三维有限元分析方法。针对马来西亚巴贡面板堆石坝,计算了多种面板竖缝宽度和填料的方 案,得到坝体和面板的应力变形。计算结果表明,面板竖缝几何尺寸和填料特性对面板的挠度、顺坡向应力、水平向压应力和周边缝张合变形影响不大,而对面板的水平向拉应力和竖缝压缩量影响很大;面板竖缝填料变软和宽度增大均会导致面板的水平向压应力减小,而竖缝压缩量明显增大;采用软木作为填充材料较之填充硬木,可以大约降低一半的压应力;面板竖缝宽度及其填料特性对同期填筑的面板、特别是邻近的面板水平向压应力影响较大。 相似文献
5.
近30年西藏地区大气可降水量的时空变化特征 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用1980-2009年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及同期西藏地区34个气象站的月降水量资料,分析了该地区大气可降水量和降水转化率的时空变化特征.结果表明:(1)该地区大气可降水量具有从东南向西北逐渐递减的空间分布特征;近30年大气可降水量呈逐渐减少趋势且年际变率相对较小,还表现出显著的季节差异,即夏季大气可降水量最大、冬季最小;多、少雨年大气可降水量的空间差异不显著,说明西藏地区的空中水汽含量相对稳定,有利于空中水资源的合理开发和利用.(2)降水转化率在那曲中东部和西藏东南部最高、西藏西北部最低;近30年西藏地区降水转化率呈逐渐增加趋势且年际变率较大,其季节变化与大气可降水量的变化规律一致;降水转化率的高低在一定程度上决定了某年为多(少)雨年.(3)西藏地区大气可降水量和实际降水量的空间分布规律接近,但其时间变化趋势与同期降水量增加的趋势正好相反;大气可降水量转化率与实际降水量的变化趋势基本一致,降水转化率的升高(降低)对应着降水量的增多(减少). 相似文献
6.
青藏高原东北侧干旱的数值试验 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
用谱方法(T42)求解半球球面无辐散正压涡度方程,采用实际的干旱环流资料,分别在有地形和无地形的情况下,求出其对应的干旱环流型的强迫场,模拟了在强迫场的作用下干旱环流的形成、维持情况及在强迫场消失后干旱环流型的崩溃情况。结果表明:(1)强迫场在干旱环流型的形成、维持及崩溃过程中起重要作用;(2)青藏高原的存在使其东北侧干旱形成和崩溃均加快。 相似文献
7.
西藏前冬环流及地温特征与夏季旱涝关系 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
选取西藏地区各区域内严重干旱年和严重洪涝年各5年,分析了北半球500hPa高度距平场同期和前冬环流,同时对旱涝年前冬地温距平与当年夏季旱涝的关系也进行了相关分析。结果表明,干旱年和洪涝年前冬(12月~2月)环流距平分布状况和地温距平有明显差异,这些不同特征是预测西藏夏季旱涝的信号和重要因子。夏季伊朗高压位置偏北或偏南,西太平洋高压脊线和西脊点位置都有一定的指示意义。同时,也可根据2月500hPa高度场正、负距平区位置特点,预测了西藏主要农业区沿雅鲁藏布江一线雨季偏迟或偏早。 相似文献
8.
近30年来西藏那曲地区湖泊变化对气候波动的响应 总被引:33,自引:4,他引:29
根据1975年地形图、20世纪80年代至2005年的TM、CBERS卫星遥感资料和近45年的气温、降水量、蒸发量、最大积雪深度和最大冻土深度等气候资料分析得出,西藏那曲地区东南部的巴木错、蓬错、东错、乃日平错等四个湖泊的水位面积在近30年来呈较显著的扩大趋势,2005年与1975年相比,分别增加了48.2 km2、38.2km2、19.8 km2 (比2004年)、26.0 km2,增长幅度分别为25.6%、28.2%、16.2%、37.6%。其主要原因与该地区近年来气温的上升、降水量的增加和蒸发量的减少、冻土退化等暖湿化的气候变化有很大关系。 相似文献
9.
Yann Marcon Heiko Sahling Anne‐Gaëlle Allais Gerhard Bohrmann Karine Olu 《Marine Ecology》2014,35(1):77-95
The Regab pockmark is a large cold seep area located 10 km north of the Congo deep sea channel at about 3160 m water depth. The associated ecosystem hosts abundant fauna, dominated by chemosynthetic species such as the mussel Bathymodiolus aff. boomerang, vestimentiferan tubeworm Escarpia southwardae, and vesicomyid clams Laubiericoncha chuni and Christineconcha regab. The pockmark was visited during the West African Cold Seeps (WACS) cruise with RV Pourquoi Pas? in February 2011, and a 14,000‐m2 high‐resolution videomosaic was constructed to map the most populated area and to describe the distribution of the dominant megafauna (mussels, tubeworms and clams). The results are compared with previous published works, which also included a videomosaic in the same area of the pockmark, based on images of the BIOZAIRE cruise in 2001. The 10‐year variation of the faunal distribution is described and reveals that the visible abundance and distribution of the dominant megafaunal populations at Regab have not changed significantly, suggesting that the overall methane and sulfide fluxes that reach the faunal communities have been stable. Nevertheless, small and localized distribution changes in the clam community indicate that it is exposed to more transient fluxes than the other communities. Observations suggest that the main megafaunal aggregations at Regab are distributed around focused zones of high flux of methane‐enriched fluids likely related to distinct smaller pockmark structures that compose the larger Regab pockmark. Although most results are consistent with the existing successional models for seep communities, some observations in the distribution of the Regab mussel population do not entirely fit into these models. This is likely due to the high heterogeneity of this site formed by the coalescence of several pockmarks. We hypothesize that the mussel distribution at Regab could also be controlled by the occurrence of zones of both intense methane fluxes and reduced efficiency of the anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly limiting tubeworm colonization. 相似文献
10.
Soil treatment with organic non-traditional additives for the improvement of earthworks 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The aim of this study was to characterise the technical and environmental implications of non-traditional treatments of a low-plasticity compacted silt (PI = 14) and to investigate their actions both at the micro- and macro-structural scales. Three non-traditional additives derived from industrial vegetal by-products were studied. These additives are classified as an acid solution, an enzymatic solution (ES) and calcium lignosulfonate (LS). The first step was to characterise the effects of these treatments on Proctor compaction, bearing capacity, unconfined compressive strength and stiffness. The index properties of the treated samples were also measured to assess changes in the interaction between soil minerals and the additives. These experimental results showed that the 0.002 % ES and 2.0 % LS treatments were the most effective at improving the soil dry density and allowing the soil to reach optimum density using 3 % less water or 25 % less compaction energy. In a second step, the mechanisms involved in the treatment were investigated. A microscopic study was conducted including scanning electron microscopy and mercury injection porosity tests; measurements of the surface tension of non-traditional additives mixed with water completed the study and demonstrated that the ES treatment has the same surfactant properties as sodium dodecyl sulphate, a common surfactant. Compaction tests confirmed that the behaviours of the soil after ES and sodium dodecyl sulphate treatments were similar. 相似文献