Assessment of alternative adsorption models and global sensitivity analysis to characterize hexavalent chromium loss from soil to surface runoff

We investigate our ability to assess transfer of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), from the soil to surface runoff by considering the effect of coupling diverse adsorption models with a two‐layer solute transfer model. Our analyses are grounded on a set of two experiments associated with soils characterized by diverse particle size distributions. Our study is motivated by the observation that Cr(VI) is receiving much attention for the assessment of environmental risks due to its high solubility, mobility, and toxicological significance. Adsorption of Cr(VI) is considered to be at equilibrium in the mixing layer under our experimental conditions. Four adsorption models, that is, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and linear models, constitute our set of alternative (competing) mathematical formulations. Experimental results reveal that the soil samples characterized by the finest grain sizes are associated with the highest release of Cr(VI) to runoff. We compare the relative abilities of the four models to interpret experimental results through maximum likelihood model calibration and four model identification criteria (i.e., the Akaike information criteria [AIC and AIC_C] and the Bayesian and Kashyap information criteria). Our study results enable us to rank the tested models on the basis of a set of posterior weights assigned to each of them. A classical variance‐based global sensitivity analysis is then performed to assess the relative importance of the uncertain parameters associated with each of the models considered, within subregions of the parameter space. In this context, the modelling strategy resulting from coupling the Langmuir isotherm with a two‐layer solute transfer model is then evaluated as the most skilful for the overall interpretation of both sets of experiments. Our results document that (a) the depth of the mixing layer is the most influential factor for all models tested, with the exception of the Freundlich isotherm, and (b) the total sensitivity of the adsorption parameters varies in time, with a trend to increase as time progresses for all of the models. These results suggest that adsorption has a significant effect on the uncertainty associated with the release of Cr(VI) from the soil to the surface runoff component.     

Exurbia from the bottom-up: Confronting empirical challenges to characterizing a complex system

We describe empirical results from a multi-disciplinary project that support modeling complex processes of land-use and land-cover change in exurban parts of Southeastern Michigan. Based on two different conceptual models, one describing the evolution of urban form as a consequence of residential preferences and the other describing land-cover changes in an exurban township as a consequence of residential preferences, local policies, and a diversity of development types, we describe a variety of empirical data collected to support the mechanisms that we encoded in computational agent-based models. We used multiple methods, including social surveys, remote sensing, and statistical analysis of spatial data, to collect data that could be used to validate the structure of our models, calibrate their specific parameters, and evaluate their output. The data were used to investigate this system in the context of several themes from complexity science, including have (a) macro-level patterns; (b) autonomous decision making entities (i.e., agents); (c) heterogeneity among those entities; (d) social and spatial interactions that operate across multiple scales and (e) nonlinear feedback mechanisms. The results point to the importance of collecting data on agents and their interactions when producing agent-based models, the general validity of our conceptual models, and some changes that we needed to make to these models following data analysis. The calibrated models have been and are being used to evaluate landscape dynamics and the effects of various policy interventions on urban land-cover patterns.     

印支运动的沉积学响应——以湖北秭归盆地中、上三叠统为例

通过对秭归盆地南缘中、上三叠统巴东组和沙镇溪组地层剖面的实测及1∶10万秭归幅地质填图发现,中三叠统巴东组在秭归盆地东南缘存在不同程度的缺失,秭归郭家坝一带,只沉积巴东组一段、二段地层。秭归楠家湾一带,整个巴东组全部缺失,上三叠统沙镇溪组直接覆盖于早三叠世嘉陵江组之上。而秭归盆地西缘沙镇溪、巴东麂子岩一带,巴东组发育齐全。上述现象表明,在早三叠世末期,由于印支运动的影响,巴东组地层出现了较大差异。沙镇溪组在沉积上继承了巴东组高低不平的古地貌特征,沉积厚度变化较大。上三叠统沙镇溪组与中统巴东组之间,在盆地不同的部位可呈现出整合或平行不整合的接触关系,而不存在断层接触关系。     

北京举办"863"计划成就展览海洋高技术发展取得瞩目成就

2月26日,在北京展览馆举办的由科技部、解放军总装备部主办,科技部高技术研究发展中心承办的“863”计划15年成就展览,展示了我国实施这一计划15周年取得的丰硕成果。海洋高技术是国家高技术研究开发计划的重要组成部分。展览会上,参观者们饶有兴趣地参观了令人瞩目的海洋高技术。 发展海洋高技术,是揭示海洋奥秘、维护海     

Observational evidence of the upwelling off cape shioyazaki in Fukushima Prefecture,Japan

Using serial observations, evidence of the existence of upwelling in the region between the northeast flowing Kuroshio and the coast of Ibaraki and Fukushima Prefectures is presented. The complex and variable oceanic condition in this region sometimes conceals some of the evidence of upwelling. Evidence of upwelling can be seen in the distributions of temperature and salinity, and more clearly in those of dissolved oxygen and phosphate. The average position of the upwelling region is just off Cape Shioyazaki in Fukushima Prefecture. Such an upwelling phenomenon may be a general oceanic feature characteristic of the region at the poleward edge of western boundary currents.     

利用X射线衍射测定单斜辉石中硬玉组分含量

硬玉是单斜辉石中十分重要的端元组分,是单斜辉石分类的主要基础。利用x射线衍射分析确定的硬玉组分含量计算式为Jd(％)=[A-2.235]×25.741,其中Jd为硬玉组分百分含量,A为2—Theta角为30°(d=2.97)时峰值的相对强度Ⅰ与半高宽的乘积,其计算误差仅6.32％。     

Tephra Discovered in High Resolution Peat Sediment and Its Indication to Climatic Event

Floating tephra was deposited together with ice core,snow layer,abyssal sediment,lake sediments,and other geological records.It is of great significance to interpret the impact on the climate change of volcanic eruptions from these geological records.It is the first time that volcanic glass was discovered from the peat of Jinchuan(金川)Maar,Jilin(吉林)Province,China.And it is in situ sediments from a near-source explosive eruption according to particle size analysis and identification results.The tephra were neither from Tianchi(天池)volcano eruptions,Changbai(长白)Mountain,nor from Jinlongdingzi(金龙顶子)volcano about 1 600 aBP eruption,but maybe from an unknown eruption of Longgang(龙岗)volcano group according to their geochemistry and distribution.Geochemical characters of the tephra are similar to those of Jingiongdingzi,which are poor in s.Jica,deficient in alkali,Na20 content is more than K20 content,and are similar to distribution patterns of REE and incompatible elements,which helps to speculate that they originated from the same mantle magma with rare condemnation,and from basaltic explosive eruption of Longgang volcano group.The tephra,from peat with age proved that the eruption possibly happened in 15 BC-26 AD,is one of Longgang volcano group eruption that was not recorded and is earlier than that of Jinglongdingzi about 1 600 aBP eruption.And the sedimentary time of tephra is during the period of low temperature alteration.which may be the influence of eruption toward the local climate according to the correlativity of eruption to local temperature curve of peat cellulose oxygen isotope.     

均匀设计在室内大型注浆试验研究中的应用

介绍了均匀设计试验方法的特点及优越性，利用试验点在试验范围内的均匀分布，能大大减少试验次数且获得较好的试验效果。将均匀设计方法引入到注浆试验研究中，并对试验进行了详细设计，实践表明，均匀设计试验法是一种有效、可靠的试验设计方法。